The Unresponsive Bystander Essay Example for Free

The Unresponsive Bystander Essay In the chapter â€Å"Where There’s Smoke,† Latane and Darley (1970) narrate the proceedings and outcomes of their experiment employing the use of smoke as treatment which serves to illustrate further the validity of the authors’ contention that the presence of other people actually deters an individual from reacting decisively to a potential emergency. Through the â€Å"smoke experiment, Latane and Darley were able to observe the individual behavior of the bystander in a simulated emergency environment and later prove their thesis that â€Å"the constraints on behavior in public combined with the processes of social influence would lessen the likelihood that members of three-person groups would act to cope with the emergency. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"smoke† research is primarily a social science experiment where the presence of other people is considered the variable in determining what Latane and Darley coin as the â€Å"bystander intervention in emergencies.† Under the guise of conducting an interview on the problems of urban life, the target respondents—male Columbia University students residing on or near the campus— are invited to participate in the experiment through a telephone call without any other means of contact with the experimenters. They are subsequently assigned into three categories: the alone group or the control group, where the respondents are left by themselves in the experiment room; the two-passive confederates group or the first variable group, where the respondents are joined in by two other men pretending to be respondents to the experiment; and the three naà ¯ve bystanders group or the second variable group, where there were three respondents all at once in the same room. All categories of respondents were made to answer a questionnaire supposedly on the problems of urban life and while they were doing this, smoke was slowly piped in through a small vent in the wall of the room as a stimuli; the basic assumption being that the smoke would â€Å"create   an ambiguous but potentially dangerous situation† or, as the title suggests, lead the respondents in the room into thinking that something was burning. The smoke, generated by the reaction of titanium tetrachloride and water vapor, was allowed to filter in a few minutes after the respondent had started on the questionnaire and continued to pour into the room until the respondent decides to report it. After four minutes it would fill the room â€Å"enough to obscure vision, produce a mildly acrid odor, and interfere with breathing.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Results of the research, although expected, were interesting. As predicted, the respondents in the Alone category â€Å"behaved in a very reasonable manner† in which, after moments of indecision and hesitation he promptly investigated and reported the presence of smoke to â€Å"somebody in the hall who looked as if he belonged there.† On the other hand, majority of those left in the room with the two passive confederates, â€Å"coughed, rubbed their eyes, and opened the window† but failed to report the incident even if it had filled the room to an uncomfortable level. Those in the three naà ¯ve bystanders group performed similarly to the two passive confederates group despite the fact that there should have been thrice as many chance that the smoke would be promptly reported as in the Alone category. In the post-experiment interview conducted later, the experimenters found out that those who did not report the smoke uniformly â€Å"rejected the idea that it was fire† and instead created â€Å"an astonishing variety of alternative explanations† which disregarded the potentially dangerous nature of the source of smoke.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the experiment proves their thesis, Latane and Darley warn the reader from jumping to conclusions or expecting similar results in predicting the individual behavior of human beings, or what they call bystanders, in times of emergencies when there are other people around but in distinctively different settings. They demonstrate, for instance, how the results of the smoke experiment may not be wholly applicable when fire breaks out in a theater or when any other emergency arises in a crowded place. They are quick, however, in pointing out that in a crowd of a thousand people, there would be a thousand chance that someone will react impulsively—or curiously—to the stimuli and report it promptly to the audience, creating a much bigger potential disaster such as a stampede.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The smoke experiment therefore affirms the applicability of the social impact theory by showing a possible explanation by which an individual, in the presence of other people, is more likely to restrain his or her reactions in the face of an emergency or a potential emergency. It enhances the theory further by showing how individuals tend to act in conformity with others, how individuals tend to act out what they believe is expected of them by others, and how society, in turn, is able to define the norms and rules by which human beings conduct their daily lives, their reactions, and their expectations of others.

Health and Social Care within the British Welfare State

Health and Social Care within the British Welfare State The 1843 Poor Law was created because the middle and upper classes were coming to the conclusion that the local taxes they were paying were supporting the poor to be lazy and avoid work so many complained wanting a change to the current system. The new poor law sounded good as the poor and homeless would be sent to work houses being clothed and fed, even children would get some education there and they would have work for several hours a day. The work houses were not as accommodating as that; the people were treated as slaves, as if they were being punished for being poor and the work was hard and often dangerous. The workhouses would be an object of fear for the poor, families would be split up, they suffered from poor diets and any medical needs were not met. Many were outraged and spoke out against the poor law. Richard Oastler was one of those who spoke out against the poor law and fought for reform of the factories. He said: â€Å"I will use all my influence in trying to remove from our factory system the cruelties which are practiced in our mills. (Chaplin, A. 2009).† Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury fought for factory reform for improved working conditions and in 1847 the changes to the factory act were improved and over the years kept improving to try and stop any worker being exploited. The great wars gave medical specialist a new image of stardom from the people of Britain because of their courage on the battle field and treating those back home. The first Great War praised the actions of the orthopaedic surgeon preforming impressive lifesaving medical procedures where ever they were needed. By World War 2 there were advances in medical, factory and motorised machinery leading to new challenges for medical professionals to deal with a new range of injuries. The orthopaedic surgeon now shared the limelight with other medical specialists now being recognised for their work. During the interwar years plastic surgeons were developing their skills and maintaining their specialist identity; their profession was now in high demand treating burn victims which was now an injury that affected a high amount of individual during WW2 because of the petrol driven means of transport; this also called for a high demand for burn specialists, cardiologists and thoracic surgeons who now had to treat patients who have been crushed by vehicles of war and machinery. A more modernised society was producing more ailments where the health care had to develop to meet the needs. The end of WW2 now recognised the importance of rehabilitation, this was not the situation after WW1 but now occupational therapists and physical medicines were sought after. The poor living conditions and the constant threat of danger caused a high number of soldiers and civilians to suffer with a psychiatric disorder and requested the need of psychiatric help. More than A third of military officers suffered with a mental disorder. WW2 created more opportunities for pathology as Penicillin ‘the miracle drug,’ cured wound infection, STDs and relieving a range of life threatening disease. The improved health of soldiers and gave them a morale boost and boosted the idea of creating more medicines to cure diseases. (Hardy, A. 2009) After 1945 Britain’s economy needed reconstruction so Britain wanted an influx of immigration labour. There was a large population growth which did lead to a shortage of social houses and from 1946 to the 1960s there was a baby boom leaving the system overwhelmed with the rapidly growing population. Sir William Beverage wrote the report Social Insurance and Allied Services in 1942 which became the blue print for the modern welfare state. â€Å"The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a comprehensive system of social insurance from cradle to grave. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nobody fell. (The National Archives. 2009).† â€Å"It was this report that identified the five ‘Giant Evils’ the government should fight namely: ‘Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness. (Sir William Beveridge Foundation. 2012).† The public welcomed the idea with open arms and could not wait for it to be put into action but their current government the conservatives which was led by Winston Churchill missed his chance to ap ply any of the Beveridge report as he put all his focus on the war giving labour the chance to tell the public that they would implement this law if they were to get elected. In 1945 Winston Churchill lost the election even though his leadership helped win the war but it was not enough to keep him as prime minister because the British people were desperate for a better quality of life and equal health care, no longer have to go to struggling charity hospitals or only the working to be aloud treatment. (Addison, P. 2005). Labour now ran the country and led by Clement Attlee, his minister of health was Aneurin Bevan who would work hard to pass the national health act. Aneurin Bevan had a lot of opposition his main adversary was DR Charles Hill of the British Medical Association and organised a vote amongst all doctors to vote for or against the NHS, 85% were against and all those who were for were bullied for it and they created propaganda for the media to turn the public against the NHS. The doctors wanted to keep their status of independent contractors and not become civil servants. The working and middle classes were in support of the NHS, only 13% was on the side of the doctors. Aneurin gained support of Lord Moran the president of the Royal College of Physicians who controlled the consultants and the charity hospitals they were at this time destitute and Aneurin would support these hospitals with tax funding if he had support from his medical staff. The remaining doctors decided to join the NHS da ys before the start of the act as they realised all patients would be joining the NHS leaving their clinics soon to be empty. 1948 the National Health Act was implemented. The medical system realised how people were suffering with conditions who could not afford the healthcare. The hospitals were full and patience were requesting a lot of treatment as so many conditions were far gone they needed a lot of care even babies were in terrible conditions, before the NHS babies had a high mortality rate. (Rick, B. 2008). The NHS continued to improve and parliament discovers that it was impossible to cap its spending as medical techniques and equipment was always evolving. â€Å"Bevan foresaw this in speaking on 2nd June to a Royal College of Nursing conference. ‘We shall never have all we need, he said. Expectations will always exceed capacity. (Rivett. G. 2014)†. In 1965 there was an investigation into the local authorities in England and Wales; in 1968 this report was published by Fredrick Seebohm. He believed the current system was inadequate and a new more family orientated system should take its place and work for the individual and could work long term. He wanted it to be better than the current services but will be able to provide those services that are already available like â€Å"the childrens departments, the welfare services provided under the National Assistance Act 1948, educational welfare and child guidance services, the home help service, mental health social work services and other social work services provided by health departments, day nurseries, and certain social welfare work currently undertaken by some housing departments.† Local authorities should be able to assess a situation immediately and be able to provide for them out of what provisions they have in their own area. This improved social services department will be provided with training and staff will gain a social worker qualification and there will be specific jobs like field staff and residential staff. 11. (Seebohm, F. 1968). In 1970 the Local Authority Social Services act was implemented making it mandatory for every local authority to have a social services department and should adhere to the functions set by the secretary of state. The LASS act 1970 will work alongside the National Health Service Act 1946, the National Assistance Act 1948 and the Children Act 1948. Local authorities would also follow this act as they would their Health Visiting and Social Work (Training) Act 1962 and Health Services and Public Health Act 1968 and refer to all acts when to fulfil their authorities function. There is a 22 year difference between the NHS act and the LASS act this could be that before the NHS act the attitude of certain groups thought that the poor were a burden, brought their situation on themselves and even some G.Ps did not like to treat those in the slums. So health care was a priority to bring society to a stage of good health and good living conditions so social services could come in and have the provisions to work with and encourage wellbeing because the previous ill health of those who couldn’t afford to get it treated gave a low chance of living long lives for the working class. Social services would not be able to make their assessment if people were not able to be diagnosed by physicians or psychiatrists and a social worker does not have the medical training to diagnose a person and then people would go without help. Also working class and a high number of middle class were ill, suffering neglect from the state and malnourished if this was the norm in so me parts of Britain what could that area’s local authority do if the poor living conditions were that vast and what would be a case for social services to step in would be the how certain people had to live due to their financial status. In 1979 Margret Thatcher a conservative leader and a Neo-liberal became prime minister after winning the election against Labour as it was said their bad leadership lead to the country being in debt. Unlike her labour predecessors Thatcher opposed some of the ideas of the Beveridge report and reformed the NHS for it to become more of a market where the patients become customers and encouraged people to go private. She created the National Health Service act 1980 which promoted privatisation. This concerned the public who still wanted to keep their NHS the way it was but the waiting lists got longer and certain wards started to close. Health boards became purchasers and would have contracts with different medical drug companies to be able to purchase the best value for money. After Thatcher ‘the cradle to the grave’ ideology has not be looked back on. (BBC NEWS) The Barclay Report 1982 identified the unrealistic expectations of social workers and how society and the media would complain when these expectations were not met. Barclay saw two distinctive elements to social work: counselling and social care planning. He encouraged the idea of partnership between service users, families, statutory services and voluntary services and also to seek networks of care in the service users’ community. (Blewett, J. 1997) John Major was next after Thatcher in 1990 and continued with the reform of the NHS. Under conservative leadership â€Å"eight English Regional Health Authorities abolished from April 1996 and replaced by eight regional offices of a new NHS Executive, based in Leeds. Likewise, 100 new Health Authorities (HAs) replaced the previous structure of District Health Authorities and Family Health Service Authorities, the aim being to reduce bureaucracy and improve services. With no regional structure in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, responsibility was left with health departments at national and local trust level. (BBC NEWS). â€Å" Labour comes back into power 1997 with Leader Tony Blair who believed in ‘the third way’. The third way’ or New Labour was the combination of the best features of the USA and Continental Europe economic dynamism and European social inclusion and bring them together. (Powell, M. 2008). Pressures from Scottish and Welsh Labour parties led to a political commitment by labour to transfer the powers from the Scottish office to a Scottish Parliament giving the ability to now pass primary legislation in those areas and from the welsh office to a National Assembly for Wales, administering and financing them within a frame work of Westminster legislation. Scotland and Wales now had the power to create health, education, housing and training department’s government by their own parliaments and Assembly and this system became a lot more organised. There are differences in some of the services of the NHS in other regions compared to England. In Wales and Scotland presc riptions are free but in England people are charged, ‘The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence’ is responsible for cost efficient medicines and equipment for England and Wales based but its ‘The Scottish Medicines Consortium’ that is in charge of that in Scotland and only in Scotland was the NHS car parking char abolished. (Hicks, R. 2013) Chancellor George Osborne gave his autumn statement 2014 sharing his plans for the NHS. Osborne has announced that he will be funding the NHS an extra 2 billion a year and a â€Å"new  £300m a year fund for kick-starting GP innovation†. The issue is is this too little too late, the NHS has been suffering for a while and is believed this extra money will be spend half way into the year on its shortfalls due to budget cuts. David Cameron quoted Thatcher by saying NHS spending was ‘safe in his hands’ but reports say the NHS has never been in such a worse state. Elizabeth Evans

DNA Fingerprinting for Identification of Plant Species

DNA Fingerprinting for Identification of Plant Species ABSTRACT Conservation of plant resources prevents the loss of valuable plant species in the past centuries. Many species like that of wild Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius , Japonica are endangered and requires restoration. Its adverse impact on environmental and socioeconomic values has triggered the studies on plant diversity. It is seen that appropriate identification and characterization of plant materials is essential for the conservation of plant resources and to ensure their sustainable use. Molecular tools developed in the past few years provide easy, less laborious means for assigning known and unknown plant taxa. These techniques answer many new evolutionary and taxonomic questions, which were not previously possible with only phenotypic methods. Various techniques such as DNA bar coding, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellites, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have recently been used for plant diversity studi es. Sequencing based molecular techniques provide better resolution at intra-genus. Whereas data from markers such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellites provide the means to classify individual medicine. In addition DNA methods are reliable approaches towards authentication of Chinese medicinal materials. For future reference, it is necessary to compile library of Chinese medicines which include genetic information, especially for endangered species and those with high market value and or with possible poisonous adulterants which can affect quality of medicine. INTRODUCTION For the sustainable development and for improvement and maintenance of agricultural and forestry production there is a use for conservation of plant genetic resources. The objective of plant genetic resources conservation is to preserve as broad a sample of the extant genetic diversity of target species as is scientifically and economically feasible, including currently recognized genes, traits and genotypes [1]. Genetic diversity finds its natural resources in wild species for which it is important to find out the amount of genetic variability by the way of morphological, biochemical and molecular markers, besides some interesting physiological turns. Characterization of diversity is based on morphological traits. However, it is seen that morphological variability is often restricted, characters may not be obvious at all stages of the plant development. Identification plays a very important role in diversity studies. Accurate classification of individuals is essential for evaluation of species diversity. The identification of taxonomic units and endangered species, whose genetic constitution is distinct from their more abundant relatives, is important in the development of appropriate conservation strategies Nowadays, a variety of different genetic markers has been proposed to assess genetic variability. Molecular tools provide valuable data on diversity through their ability to detect variation at the DNA level CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES: Effective conservation of plant genetic resources requires a complementary approach which makes use of both ex situ and in situ conservation methods to maximize the genetic diversity available for use. ex situ conservation: The objective of ex situ conservation is to maintain the accessions without change in their genetic constitution [1]. The methods that are designed are such that can be used to minimize the possibility of mutation, random genetic drift, selection or contamination. It is seen that storing of seeds at low temperatures and humidities can bring long term ex situ conservation. But there are many clonally propagated species, such as banana and potato, cannot be conserved in this way, and many species, particularly tropical forest tree species, produce seeds that are recalcitrant and cannot be stored. These species can only be maintained ex situ in field gene banks as growing collections of plants, or in vitro using tissue culture or cryopreservation [2]. In situ conservation: In situ conservation is considered to be the method of choice for conserving forest species and wild crop relatives and there is increasing interest in the use of in situ conservation for crops themselves (on-farm conservation) [3]. In situ conservation allows evolution to continue, increases the amount of diversity that can be conserved, and strengthens links between conservation workers and the communities who have traditionally maintained and used the resources. All genetic resources conservation activities require characterization of the diversity present in both the gene pools and the gene banks. Molecular genetics has an important role to play in many aspects of conservation such as characterizing plant genetic diversity for purposes of improved acquisition, maintenance and use. A number of different techniques are available for identifying genetic differences between organisms. The choice of technique for any one specific use will depend upon the material being studied and the nature of the questions being addressed. Protein polymorphisms were the first markers used for genetic studies. However, the number of polymorphic loci that can be assayed, and the level of polymorphisms observed at the loci are often low, which greatly limits their application in genetic diversity studies. With the development of new technologies, DNA polymorphisms have become the markers of choice for molecularâ‚ ¬Ã‚ based surveys of genetic variation. DNA ma rkers are useful in both basic (e.g. phylogenetic analysis and search for useful genes) and applied research (e.g. marker assisted selection, paternity testing and food traceability). A number of markers are now available to detect polymorphisms in nuclear DNA [4]. Properties desirable for ideal DNA markers include highly polymorphic nature, co dominant, frequent occurrence in the genome, selective neutral behavior, easy access, easy and fast assay and high reproducibility [5]. NEED FOR GENETIC RESOLUION: It is a duty of Gene bank managers and conservationists concerned with both in situ and ex situ management to conserve as much as possible the extinct genetic diversity of the species with which they work. The effectiveness with which they do this depends to a large extent on the genetic information available on the germplasm with which they work. Molecular markers provide genetic information of direct value in key areas of conservation both ex situ and in situ. For ex situ conservation the key issues are: Acquisition: Data on the diversity of existing collections can be used to plan collection and exchange strategies. In particular, calculations of genetic distances based on molecular data can be used to identify particular divergent subpopulations that might harbour valuable genetic variation that is under-represented in current holdings Maintenance: Genetic data are essential to identify duplicate accessions in order to ensure best use of available resources. Genetic markers are also needed to monitor changes in genetic structure as accessions are generated. Molecular markers provide markers suitable for both of these. Characterization: The genetic diversity within collections must be assessed in the context of the total available genetic diversity for each species. Existing passport data document the geographic location where each accession was acquired. However, passport records are often missing or incorrect. Molecular markers may extend and complement characterization based on morphological or biochemical descriptions, providing more accurate and detailed information than classical phenotypic data. Distribution to users: Users of collections benefit from genetic information that allows them to identify valuable traits and types quickly. On a more fundamental level, molecular marker information may lead to the further identification of useful genes contained in collections. Molecular data on diversity may provide essential information to develop core collections [6] that accurately represent the entire collection. Molecular markers may therefore be used in four types of measurements needed for effective ex situ conservation, all of which are useful in resolving the numerous operational, logistical, and biological questions that face gene banks managers [7]. These are: identity: the determination of whether an accession or individual is catalogued correctly, is true to type, maintained properly, and whether genetic change or erosion has occurred in an accession or population over time; Similarity: the degree of similarity among individuals in an accession or between accessions within a collection. Structure: the partitioning of variation among individuals, accessions, populations, and species. Genetic structure is influenced by in situ demographic factors such as population size, reproductive biology and migration. Detection: the presence of particular allele or nucleotide sequence in a taxon, gene bank accession, in situ population, individual, chromosome or cloned DNA segment. Those concerned with in situ conservation need to ensure that appropriate populations are identified and managed in such a way that they survive and continue to evolve. Their responsibilities can include: Location: the identification of populations which should be conserved based on the genetic diversity present as well as on the value of the resource and the threats to it. Crucial to this is knowledge of the extent and distribution of genetic diversity in species populations which should optimally include molecular data. Management: the development of management plans to monitor the changes in target populations over time and ensure their continued survival. The populations maintained in situ constitute part of ecosystems and both intra- and interspecific diversity must be maintained over time at appropriate levels. Accessibility: in situ conservation is most commonly of interest in forest genetic resources conservation and that of wild crop relatives but it is also of increasing interest for on-farm conservation of traditional cultivars. Genetic resources conserved in this way remain accessible to the communities who depend on them. Managers need to ensure they are also accessible to other users and that sufficient genetic information is available to assist such users. Within the context of in situ conservation, therefore, identity, similarity, structure and detection are also important and can be usefully investigated using molecular techniques BASIC GENETIC TOOLS DNA sequencing: DNA sequencing is the determination of the precise sequence of nucleotides in a sample of DNA. The nucleotides bases are A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine) and T (thymine) The conventional and next generation sequencing techniques are thus been explained in detail. Conventional Sequencing Technique- Now days it is seen that dye-terminator sequencing technique is the standard method in automated sequencing analysis [8]. And for majority of sequencing the dye-terminator sequencing method, along with automated high-throughput DNA sequence analyzers, is used. Dye-terminator sequencing  utilizes labelling of the chain terminator dents, which permits sequencing in a single reaction, rather than four reactions as in the labelled-primer method. In dye-terminator sequencing, each of the four di de-oxynucleotide chain terminators is labelled with fluorescent dyes, each of which emit light at different wavelengths. Owing to its greater expediency and speed, dye-terminator sequencing is now the mainstay in automated sequencing. The main advantages of this technique are its robustness, automation and high accuracy Its limitations include dye effects due to differences in the incorporation of the dye-labelled chain terminators into the DNA fragment, resulting in unequal peak heights and shapes in the electronic DNA sequence trace  chromatogram  after  capillary electrophoresis  . This problem has been addressed with the use of modified DNA polymerase enzyme systems and dyes that minimize incorporation variability, as well as methods for e liminating dye blobs. DNA barcoding of plants has now gained the interest of scientists with the aim to identify an unknown plant in terms of a known classification. DNA barcoding is a technique for characterizing species of organisms using a short DNA sequence from a standard. DNA barcode sequences are thus shorter than the entire genome and can be obtained quickly [9]. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used for species-level assignment of plants and individual barcodes were obtained with matK (99%), followed by trnH-psbA (95%) and then rbcL (75%) [10]. Recently, a group of plant DNA barcode researchers proposed two chloroplast genes, rbcL and matK, taken together, as appropriate for bar-coding of plants [11]. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the basis of Molecular phylogenies in plants but the problems due to gene flow of cpDNA among closely related taxa, as well as the lack of phylogenetic resolution, triggered the development of new approaches based on nuclear DNA [13]. The most common alternative corresponds to the sequencing of the ITS (internal transcribed spacer) of 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal DNA [14, 15]. The failure of both cpDNA and ITS techniques to sequence, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach has the potential to solve such difficulties, particularly among closely related species, or at the intra-specific level [16-18]. Therefore, integration of recently developed bar-coding with the following techniques such as RAPD, AFLP, microsatellite and SNP seems to provide better resolution. Next Generation Sequencing Techniques Next generation platforms do not rely on Sanger chemistry [19] as did the first generation machines used for the last 30 years. The first of this kind of 2nd generation of sequencing technique appeared in 2005 that was based on pyrosequencing [20, 21] Commercial 2nd generation sequencing methods can be distinguished by the role of PCR in library preparation. There are four main platforms; all being amplification-based: (i) Roche 454 GS FLX, (ii) Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx, (iii) ABI SOLiD 3 Plus System and (iv) Polonator G.007 [22] The single-molecule sequencing method (also known as 3rd generation or next-next generation) is independent of PCR [25,30]. This mode of sequencing protocol was recently developed by Helicos Genetic Analysis System using the technology developed by Braslavsky et al. [23]. Other 3rd generation sequencing systems are being developed by Life Technologies and Pacific Biosciences SMRT technology and may appear within one to two years. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) The invention of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a milestone in the development of molecular techniques. PCR results in the selective amplification of a chosen region of a DNA molecule. Random amplification of DNA with short primer by PCR is a useful technique in phylogenetics. The important point is the banding pattern seen, when the products of PCR with random primers are electrophoresed in a reflection of the overall structure of the DNA molecule used as the template. If the starting material is total cell DNA then the banding pattern represents the organization of the cells genome. Differences between the genomes of two organisms can be measured with RAPD. Two closely related organisms would be expected to yield more similar banding patterns than two organisms that are distant in evolutionary terms [24]. Moreover, this technique requires only small piece of animal tissue or blood, as the extracted DNA can be amplified million times using PCR. Basic protocol: EXTRACTION OF HIGHLY PURE DNA ADDITION OF SINGLE ARBITARY PRIMER POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) SEPARATION OF FRAGMENTS BY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS VISUALIZATION OF RAPD-PCR FRAGMENTS AFTER EtBr STAINING UNDER UV DETERMINATION OF FRAGMENT SIZE This technique has mainly gained attraction as there is no requirement for DNA probes or sequence information for primer designing. There are also no blotting or hybridizing steps. This technique only requires the purchase of a thermo cycling machine and agarose gel apparatus and relevant chemicals, which are available as commercial kits and also it is a quick and simple technique. It is important to note that RAPD technique requires maintaining strictly consistent reaction conditions in order to achieve reproducible profiles [25]. The RAPD markers have been used for detecting genomic variations within and between varieties of sweet potato. A total of 160 primers were tested and eight showed consistent amplified band patterns among the plants with variations within and between varieties [26] of sweet potato. Restriction fragment length polymorphism All organisms are genotypically different because they have had numerous differences in their genomic DNA. This difference results in a restriction fragment length polymorphism. Here the chromosomal DNA is first cleaved by restriction enzymes creating fragments and then these fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. After it southern hybridization analysis is carried out using probe that spans the region of interest. The probe hybridizes to the relevant region, lighting up the appropriate restriction fragments on the resulting autoradiograph. If an RFLP is present then it will be clearly visible on the autoradiograph. Thus RFLP is used as a major tool to identify the genetic diversity within and between species [27]. Basic Protocol CHROMOSOMAL DNA Cleave with Restriction enzymes DNA FRAGMENTS SEPARATE FRAGMENTS BY AGAROSE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS DENATURE DNA AND TRANSFER TO NITROCELLULOSE Radiolabelled DNAprobe INCUBATE WITH PROBE EXPOSE X-RAY FILM TO PAPER Amplified fragment length polymorphism AFLP analysis is able to detect high levels of polymorphism and has high repeatability and speed of analysis. AFLP technique as being based on the detection of restriction fragments by PCR amplification and argued that Ê ¹the reliability of the RFLP technique is combined with the power of the PCR techniqueÊ ¹. Firstly extraction of highly purified DNA then restriction endonuclease digestion of DNA followed by ligation of adapters. After this amplification of these fragments is done by two primers, and then gel electrophoresis and analysis of fragments by automated sequencing machines. The advantage of this technique is that it is applicable to all species and unlike RAPD; this technique is highly reproducible as it combines restriction digestion and PCR. However, AFLP requires more DNA (300-1000 ng per reaction) and is more technically demanding than RAPD [4].AFLP markers in surveys of plant diversity are discussed in a review published by Mba and Tohme [28]. Recently, Jatropha curcas [29] and Rhodiola rosea [30] have been characterized by AFLP in germplasm collection. The wild populations of Agave angustifolia in the desert was studied by Teyer et al. [31] using AFLP to measure the genetic variability within and between natural populations. AFLP markers have been extensively used for phylogenetic analysis and determining the genetic diversity for conservation of endangered plant species [32-36]. ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Basic protocol: DIGESTION WITH ONE OR MORE RESTRICTION ENZYMES LIGATION OF RESTRICTION HALF-SITE SPECIFIC ADAPTORS TO ALL RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS AMPLIFICATION OF THESE FRAGMENTS WITH TWO PCR PRIMERS THAT HAVE CORRESPONDING ADAPTORS AND RESTRICTION SPECIFIC SEQUENCES ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF AMPLICONS ON A GEL MATRIX MICROSATELLITES Microsatellites, are alternatively known as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), short tandem repeats (STRs) or simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs). These are tandem repeats of sequence units generally less than 5 bp in length [37].One common example of a microsatellite is a (CA)n repeat, where n is variable between alleles. These markers often present high levels of interâ‚ ¬Ã‚  and intraâ‚ ¬Ã‚ specific polymorphism, particularly when tandem repeats number ten or greater. CA nucleotide repeats are very frequent in human and other genomes, and present every few thousand base pairs. Interâ‚ ¬Ã‚ SSRs are a variant of the RAPD technique, although the higher annealing temperatures probably mean that they are more rigorous than RAPDs. The microsatellite protocol is simple, once primers for SSRs have been designed. The first stage is a PCR, depending upon the method of detection one of the primers is fluorescently or radioactively labeled. The PCR products are separated on high resolution polyacrylamide gels, and the products detected with a fluorescence detector (e.g. automated sequencer) or an Xâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ray film. The investigator can determine the size of the PCR product and thus how many times the short nucleotide was repeated for each allele. Microsatellites developed for particular species can often be applied to closely related species, but the percentage of loci that successfully amplify may decrease with increasing genetic distance [38]. Microsatellite technique has recently been used to establish conservation strategy of endangered plants like Calystegia soldanella [39], Tricyrtis ishiiana [40] and Galium catalinense subspecies acrispum [41]. ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Basic protocol: SEQUENCING DESIGNING OF PRIMERS FOR REGIONS FLANKING MICROSATELLITES ELECTROPHORETIC SEPRATION OF AMPLICONS ONA GEL MATRIX ISOLATION OF GENOMIC DNA Conclusion Molecular characterization can play a role in uncovering the history, and estimating the diversity, distinctiveness and population structure. Awareness of the level of genetic diversity and the proper management of genetic resources are important issues in modern scenario. New markers deriving from DNA technologies are valuable tools to study genetic variability for conservation purposes. In the near future, the advent of genomics will give an impressive tool for genetic resources evaluation.

Oedipus, The Movie Essay -- Film Oedipus the King

Oedipus, The Movie After reading the play Oedipus the King, I had various expectations related to how the movie should be performed. The stage presentation of the story fulfilled some of my expectations but failed to satisfy others. Most importantly, the performance was an accurate rendering of the play. The characters in the movie were developed effectively and were portrayed precisely as I had perceived them. I thought that the movie lacked qualities including stage design, clothing, and background music. However, these facets of the performance are insignificant because the story is so powerful that it does not need attractive costumes or ostentatious props to support it. The foundation of the play is its intriguing story and thorough development of characters. The movie was very faithful to the play; it followed the story of the book nearly verbatim. The film clarified many parts of the play that I did not fully understand. For example, I found that being able to visually identify the speaker was quite helpful in many circumstances. The movie provided a constant ...

Cloud Computing Descends Essay -- Cloud Technology, United States, Job

An upgrade to cloud technology over the United States will potentially affect its workplace. It will lead to an increase in job creation all over the world, mostly due to its implementation at various institutions and companies globally and via many other services that will emerge to enhance or regulate this technology. In comparison to the initial machined technology, cloud computing offers instant delivery, simple & customizable usage, easy accessibility, cost reduction, thus increasing efficiency and demand and its wide range of acceptability. This technology, like any other, also has its disadvantages, though they are seemingly negligible in comparison. Cloud Technology is creating many jobs due to its implementation at most of the institutions such as the schools, companies, and even the government. This is to save expenses while increasing the overall efficiency and quality of their services. This will led to the formation of various additional services such as course instructions and certifications at educational institutions, and new companies to ensure the safety of cloud, thus creating more jobs. Even though its critics claim that this technology is decreasing the amount of jobs present in this field, but they fail to notice that the same amount of jobs are required to run the cloud technology and even more are created due to many of the cloud’s additional maintenance requirements. This is properly verified through many of the surveys including those of Microsoft which suggest that a large percentage of the hiring conducted by many tech companies are due to the Cloud Technology. The value of this market is also predicted to increase by six times its current value. As most people are aware of, there are various possibil... ...T Workforce."ZDNet.com. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. Stallman, Richard M. "Cloud Computing Threatens User Freedom and Should Be Avoided." Technology and the Cloud. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "What Does that Server Really Serve?" Boston Review (18 Mar. 2010). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. "Year for business to look to the heavens - PREDICTIONS 2014 -." Australian [National, Australia] 25 Feb. 2014: 27. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. McClure, David. "Federal Policy Fosters Government Adoption of Secure Cloud Computing." Technology and the Cloud. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "Cloud Computing: What Are the Security Implications." 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. Cloud Computing Descends Essay -- Cloud Technology, United States, Job An upgrade to cloud technology over the United States will potentially affect its workplace. It will lead to an increase in job creation all over the world, mostly due to its implementation at various institutions and companies globally and via many other services that will emerge to enhance or regulate this technology. In comparison to the initial machined technology, cloud computing offers instant delivery, simple & customizable usage, easy accessibility, cost reduction, thus increasing efficiency and demand and its wide range of acceptability. This technology, like any other, also has its disadvantages, though they are seemingly negligible in comparison. Cloud Technology is creating many jobs due to its implementation at most of the institutions such as the schools, companies, and even the government. This is to save expenses while increasing the overall efficiency and quality of their services. This will led to the formation of various additional services such as course instructions and certifications at educational institutions, and new companies to ensure the safety of cloud, thus creating more jobs. Even though its critics claim that this technology is decreasing the amount of jobs present in this field, but they fail to notice that the same amount of jobs are required to run the cloud technology and even more are created due to many of the cloud’s additional maintenance requirements. This is properly verified through many of the surveys including those of Microsoft which suggest that a large percentage of the hiring conducted by many tech companies are due to the Cloud Technology. The value of this market is also predicted to increase by six times its current value. As most people are aware of, there are various possibil... ...T Workforce."ZDNet.com. 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. Stallman, Richard M. "Cloud Computing Threatens User Freedom and Should Be Avoided." Technology and the Cloud. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "What Does that Server Really Serve?" Boston Review (18 Mar. 2010). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. "Year for business to look to the heavens - PREDICTIONS 2014 -." Australian [National, Australia] 25 Feb. 2014: 27. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2014. McClure, David. "Federal Policy Fosters Government Adoption of Secure Cloud Computing." Technology and the Cloud. Ed. David Haugen and Susan Musser. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. At Issue. Rpt. from "Cloud Computing: What Are the Security Implications." 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Mar. 2014.

African Americans Consequence Essay

The African Americans played a major role before and after the Civil War, beginning from 1861 to 1870, which helped shape the course and consequences of the Civil War. In determining how African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War, one must assess how African Americans were given more opportunities. Politically, African Americans began to have a role in voting and to have the President and Republican Party fight for their full freedom. Socially, the African American’s class began to be looked at differently. Ideologically, the African Americans were being looked at as equal and made sure that people knew they were people too. Although African Americans had to continue to fight for their equality, they did, in fact, shape the course and consequences of the Civil War by having political, ideological, and social actions. African Americans had no rights to vote or involve themselves in politics but that changed after the Civil War. Giving African Americans the right to vote shaped the consequences of the Civil War by African American’s views being looked at as well. On August 1865, the Convention of the Colored People of Virginia was proceeded which claimed that since African Americans are free, they deserve to vote (Doc H). The African Americans spoke of being given suffrage, and then they were given the right to vote. This shaped a consequence of the Civil War because the African American’s views were no longer over looked. During the Civil War, no one J. Crespo P a g e | 2 paid attention to what the African Americans wanted but afterward, they were granted the voice to speak about what they wanted. After being heard and given the right to vote, the African Americans had participation in Constitutional Conventions. A map shows the following: the participation of African Americans and Whites in Constitutional Conventions during 1867-1868 (Doc J). Politically, the whites did not want to be overtaken by the African Americans, so they had a larger participation to overrule the African Americans. The whites wanted a powerful Democratic Party that supported their wanting. The African Americans still participated in the conventions to make sure the Republic Party was strong enough to continue to give the African American their rights. African Americans participating in the Constitutional Conventions shaped one of the consequences of the Civil War by not letting whites take over the political system. Not only did the African Americans have a consequence politically with being heard and not having white supremacy, politically African Americans were also given their freedom. African Americans were being given their freedom. Politically, African Americans were being granted a change in society. Abraham Lincoln published a letter on August 26, 1863 that proposed the following: the African Americans as a whole, everywhere, should be granted their freedom for they fought for the North (Doc C). Abraham Lincoln was trying to persuade the Whites to agree on freedom for the African Americans in the United States. African Americans were being freed everywhere instead of just the North. Politically, this helped the African Americans tremendously because they were going to be freed everywhere. One of the consequences was African Americans being freed in the North, but then African Americans were going to be freed everywhere, including the South. After the letter sent out by Abraham Lincoln, the Republican Party decided to try to get an amendment that freed all African Americans. In 1864, the Republican Party’s platform stated the following: they wanted an Amendment to J. Crespo P a g e | 3 officially end slavery everywhere (Doc D). Politically, the African Americans were beginning to be seen as people throughout the nation. This consequence after the Civil War proved that African Americans were no longer going to be slaves anywhere. African Americans found their freedom with the help of the political power of Abraham Lincoln and Republican Party. Then the African Americans were socially looked at differently. The African Americans were no longer such a low class because people began to look at them differently and notice the good things about African Americans. Socially, the African Americans were being helped by the people. On July 30 1861 General Benjamin F. Butler reported to the secretary of the war stating the following: the African Americans should be free since they are a part of the North (Doc A). Socially, the North no longer presented the African Americans as property. This shaped the Civil War because the African Americans became part of the Union that fought for the North. Then after the Civil War was won and the African Americans were freed, their school system proved them socially equal and good as the whites. In March 1864, Charlotte Forten, an African American teacher in South Carolina Sea Islands, said the following: she spoke of how happy the African American children were to learn and how much knowledge they have attained (Doc E). Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as less smart than the Whites. The consequence of the Civil War with the African Americans socially with schools showed their equality to whites. Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as slaves or less knowledgeable. The African Americans, ideologically, were no longer looked as property. The African Americans were beginning to be looked at the same as the whites. The African Americans no longer were looked at as property. Ideologically, the African Americans caused a consequence of the Civil War to be looked at as people. On March 7, 1864 in The New J. Crespo P a g e | 4 York Times it stated the following: African Americans have gone through a drastic change to now be free Americans in the United States equal to the whites (Doc F). The African Americans were no longer the property they were once known of; African Americans were people just as the Whites. Ideologically, this proved that a consequence of the Civil War was the change of equality that African Americans had. After The New York Times had posted the article, Thomas Nast from Harper’s Weekly on August 5 1865 had posted the following: a picture of lady liberty standing next to an African American Union Solider asking â€Å"And Not This Man? † (Doc G). Ideologically, the picture proved that the people no longer were going to look at African Americans as property so they should be treated equal. The North wanted the South to have the same thoughts about African Americans. This set a consequence of the Civil War by having the African Americans no longer being looked at as slaves as they were when the war had begun. After the African Americans were no longer looked at as property, the African Americans made sure the Whites thought of them as people no matter what. African Americans were going to deal with racism and injustice but they made sure that the whites knew they were people also. Ideologically, the African American consequence after the Civil War was that African Americans are people, not slaves nor property. On August 20 1862 in New York during the resolution of African Americans in Newtown, African Americans stated the following: they wanted to make sure that the President knew that they were not going to leave because the United States was their country also that they were going to fight in for their freedom (Doc B). This constructed the course of the Civil War because the African Americans began fighting in the Civil War. Ideologically, African Americans were looked at as people in the nation of the United States to fight along the Whites for their freedom and country. After the Civil War, when African Americans were no longer slaves and granted their freedom, some J. Crespo P a g e | 5 whites resisted the full freedom of African Americans. In 1867 with Rebecca Parsons she went through the following: she went back to receive her kindred since she was a free slave but the owner would not allow her to because they were â€Å"his† (Doc I). Although, Parsons did not allow Rebecca her children it proved that Parsons realized she was also people because she demanded them back from him. Rebecca is no longer a slave who has to stand down, she also had rights which proved she is as equal as Parsons. Ideologically, after the Civil War this was a consequence by African Americans no longer being looked at differently because they were people also. African Americans ideologically created the course and consequence of the Civil War by being looked at as people and not slaves. African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War by ideological, social, and political reasoning. African Americans were known in the United States as slaves and property but they no longer were during and after the Civil War. They became people of equality to the whites in the United States. They no longer had no say in politics; they were given rights and opportunities to speak of their views. They no longer were viewed as property but people. Also, they weren’t the low class everyone had always labeled them as. African Americans helped the Union win the war to win themselves the freedom they deserved.

Stalin and Clay Perspectives

Do you think communism was contained well after WWW? I believe that communism was not contained very well after WWW because communism managed to spread to Korea, Vietnam, China and Cuba. Communism parties took control in these countries. This spread of Communism was exactly what we didn't want because If Communism spread too much then we would lose control of It and then It would spread to most of the Middle East. Losing control of communism would be a disaster, If Communism spread to most of the Middle East hen who knows where else it will go.Luckily Communism didn't spread to as much of the Middle East as I had feared it would. What is your perspective on the Blockade? I personally believe that the Berlin blockade move made by Stalin was an act of war because by blockading off the vital railways and roads to West Berlin, the USSR were starving a whole civilization. This action was also demonstrating that Stalin was trying to force us to give him our (U. S. Britain, Italy) parts of Berlin to him and this was a very aggressive move, trying to bend us to his will. Why do you hold this perspective?I hold this view because starving a whole civilization and forcing other nations to give him land cannot be anything less than an act of war! Stalin knows this is an act of war but he's so focused on controlling all of Berlin that he will do what it takes to try bend us over to his demands. We were not going to give in though; I knew that I had to think of a way to deliver supplies to West Berlin. Believe that this move by Stalin was also due to his hatred of the German people. Although what Russia and Stalin suffered during WWW was terrible, he should not be punishing innocent civilians like his in a time so soon after war.What actions did you take as a result of your perspective? We knew we couldn't let the West Berliners starve, but we also couldn't give in to Stalin. I originally was going to move Tanks up to the blockade to Intimidate Stalin and make him move the b lockade but others thought this might cause war. We decided to airlift supplies to West Berlin, although this was very expensive it was a perfect idea, we used the Berlin airways to send planes over to deliver food and other needed supplies. This would mean that we could supply to Berlin while not taking an aggressive move towards Stalin.What is your perspective on the airlift? The Berlin Airlift was a great success! We managed to supply tons and tons of food to Berlin, we had airplanes landing in West Berlin and taking off every three minutes. We were sending five thousand tons of food every day! This was far more than when we were supplying via railway. Even though I originally wanted to take a more down the planes due to this being considered a war act. He did fly planes extremely close to our planes though. Just under a hundred pilots died because of this aggressive act by Stalin.Why do you hold this perspective? The airlift is what saved the Berliners and also what saved our pa rts of Berlin. If we didn't airlift then either West Berlin would starve or we would have to give away our parts of Berlin. The airlift was the perfect counterpart to Stalin's blockade. He thought he had us in a corner but the airlift proved him wrong. We could supply huge amounts to Berlin quickly and effectively. I believe that Stalin shot himself in the foot by putting up the blockade. We managed to get huge amounts of food to the Berlin people, and we kept our parts of Berlin.This is the opposite of what Stalin wanted. I truly believe that the airlift was one of the best decisions made during the Cold War due to it being non-aggressive and how successful it was for supplying to West Berlin. What are your views on WWW ally USSR now becoming a foe? I think it is a great loss to lose USSR as an ally. They were a very strong fighting force and practically won the war as hard as it is to admit. They did sacrifice a lot to defeat Germany, USSR had 8,806,000 casualties during WWW and t hat far exceeds everyone else's. Russia became too greedy after the war though.They wanted to keep Germany weak and wanted to take too much of Germany. I do hope that someday we could become allies again with USSR. Why were you going to take an aggressive approach to the Blockade by moving tanks up? I believe that the Berlin blockade by Stalin was an act of war, and this deserved to be replied to with an aggressive act. I believed that by bringing tanks to the blockade, we could intimidate Stalin and make him take down the Blockade. I believe this would have been a good option, the airlift urine out to be a better option though.By moving tanks up to the blockade this could have started a war so I am glad that we chose to airlift supplies instead of a more aggressive approach. During the Blockade what did you think the relationship between USA and USSR would be like in the future? I believed that the relationship between us and the USSR wouldn't be the same for a long time. I knew th at for at fifty years there would be tension between us due to what is happening right now. There already was tension during WWW before the blockade but now because of the blockade the tension will be rater than ever.I knew that someday, If we became allies, the tension would easy, but that day wouldn't be for a long, long time. Interview with USSR leader Joseph Stalin: What is your perspective on the Blockade? The blockade was absolutely necessary! The Allies were taking most of Berlin when it was USSR who sacrificed the most during WWW. To make matters worse, the allies merged their parts of Berlin together as to say that they are friends and we are enemies! We didn't sign any agreement saying that the allies could have access to our railways through to our part of Berlin anyway.We also needed to keep Germany weak and not let them get back to power by supplying so much to them. Why do you hold this perspective? I believe that the blockade was necessary because it us who had 806,00 0,000 a formal agreement letting allies have access to West Berlin. I put up the blockade because we deserve more of Berlin! If I did nothing and Just let the Allies have most of Berlin then we could never demand anything again. Another reason the blockade was put up was because we have to keep Germany weak! If we keep giving them applies and feeding them, giving them an economy and more luxuries then they will get back to power again.We must keep Germany weak because I will never forget how they treated us, and how many they killed. What is your perspective on the Airlift? The airlift was most definitely propaganda. The allies are saying that they are airlifting simply to supply to West Berlin and not give in to my demands but I know that the airlift is purely for propaganda purposes. All the sweets and luxuries they are supplying to West Berlin are sending a message. The allies are saying that their art of Berlin is better, living is better, you will get these luxuries, they are s aying for everyone come on to their part of Berlin.Why do you hold this perspective? I hold this perspective because the Allies can fool everyone else with their thoughtful, caring airlift, but I know this is Just their plan to advertise their part of Berlin. This airlift though, the allies were managing to supply more than before because of this propaganda, I tried flying planes close to their planes but I knew that it was only a matter of time before something happened such as someone shooting a plane down ND then that would mean I declared an act of war, even though the airlift was an act of war, I couldn't display this or a war would start.What actions did you take as a result of your perspective? The blockade had the potential to start another war, because of this I knew had to take the blockade down, although this pained me to do so, I knew I had to do it because the blockade was only benefiting the allies and sooner or later, an act of war would have occurred. None of us want ed a war so soon after WWW had ended. The results of another war would have been devastating for everyone. Also because of he new nuclear technology I believe that another war would completely demolish the world as we know it.What did you aim to achieve by blockading West Berlin? I was aiming for the allies to give in to my demands and give me their part of Berlin, if they gave me their part of Berlin, then I'd lift the blockade. One other thing I was trying to achieve was keeping Germany weak; I didn't want their capitol to become so strong suddenly after WWW. If we kept giving them supplies then they would become strong again Just like after WWW, and they would start another war. What are your thoughts on the Berlin Wall? The Berlin wall was a very smart move by Nikkei Khrushchev.Although it wasn't me who put up the Wall, I would have done the same thing if I was still leader. The Berlin Wall was an effective solution for separating the Berliners. It was a lot better than when the re was Just barbed wire and guards guarding the border. The rate of West Berliners escaping to other parts of Berlin dropped drastically when the Wall was built in 1961. I am extremely glad that this decision to create the Wall was made; it separated the Berliners very well and meant they could not leave West Berlin and we