Looking Out for Future Pain :: Pain Health Medical Essays

Looking Out for Future Pain Pain is a method used by the body to interpret the outside world. Our scratch is covered with sensory neurons that are responsible for acquiring information about the bodys surroundings (6). Some of the nerve endings involved in the pain sensing solve are called nociceptors (6). Most of the sensory receptors and nociceptors come from an area near the spinal cord (6). The information from the sensory neurons is sent through intermediate neurons and is passed onto the motor neurons that are involved in a physical movement, or are sent to the brain (1). In the brain, the information is interpreted and behavioral and emotional respondions are created (6). The explanation of pain used by the International association for the Study of pain describes it as a sensory or emotional interpretation that is produced when there is the potence or actual occurrence of tissue price (2). Adults are able to verbalize the intensity of their pain and can financi al aid monitor the effectiveness of word when there is damage to the body tissue. How can adults interpret the pain in infants who cannot verbalize their experience? What concerns should we have when treating tissue damage in babies? What about the damage treatment of babies inside the womb? It has been noted that a newborn has sensory nerve cells that have a greater respond rate than an adult (4). With keen sensory nerve cells, the spinal response to a stimulus is also increased and lasts for a longer period of time when compared with an adult (4). The appearance of these bare-ass nerve cells is found on a larger portion of a newborns skin when compared with adults (4). These sensory areas are called receptive fields (4). The receptive fields help the nervous system keep track of where the stimulus was received (4). With a larger receptive field, babies are unable to pin point the exact perspective of the stimulus (4). Since newborns have very sensitive sensory nerves, the same response is produced to any stimulus without regard to the intensity (4). A newborn may react in the same way to a pinch as to a soft touch (4). The newborn will respond to non- mischievous experiences as if they were potentially harmful (4). Questions have been raised about the level of sensation that the fetus itself undergoes when using surgery to address abnormalities in a fetus (1).

Wuthering Heights: Summary :: essays research papers

Wuthering high SummaryEmily Bronte was born in Thorton, Yorkshire, in 1918. Wuthering Heights wasBrontes only book however, she died in 1848 and neer knew of the bookssuccess. It is said by many to be the finest novel in the English language.Just before she dies, Catherine Earnshaw gives birth to a beautiful baby girlnamed Cathy. After Catherine married Edgar, heathcliff becomes jealous andmarries Edgars sister, Isabella. Isabella then gives birth to Heathcliffs male childLinton. Wuthering Heights, by Wmily Bronte, is a novel full of contrast in the midst ofCatherine and Cathy and Heathcliff and Linton.While Cathy is growing up, the reader begins t see the contrast between cathyand her mother. Catherine is a typical Earnshaw, having dark hair, and dark eyes.While her daughters characteristics are the exact opposite. Cathy has fairishhair, fair skin, and irrestibly brilliant eyes.Catherine and Cathy is emotional aspects also contrast a great deal. YoungCathys emotions are calm, while her mothers rage, and are as unpredictable asa storm. Catherines emotions are so passionate that she is unable to controlthem. To the point of causing her own death. Before she dies, she says thatshe wants both Heathcliff and Edgar to suffer-Edgar, because he never understoodheraffection for Heathcliff and Heathcliff, because he never understood whyshe married Edgar. Cathy has a mind of her own and some of Catherineswillfullness. She is also capable of great sympathy towards Linton, whom shemarries and finally Hareton Earnshaw.Heathcliff is a strange mix-ture of the improve and incouth slovently, yetdresses and acts like a g gentleman. While being dark with the look of a gypsy,he is quite handsome. His son, linton resembles his mother, Isabella, as he isblonde, pretty, feeble, adn effeminate. It is ironic thtat Heathcliffs sonshould be so weak and sickly that he dies at the age of seventeen.Although Heathcliff is his father, Linton displays none of Heathcliffscharacteristics. Heathcliff is a character full of brutality. Heathcliff showsthis brutality on several occasions.

Essay --

Creative digest & Solutionsvalue of businessesSYSTEM REQUEST - CENTRALIZED SYSTEM FOR electronic RESERVATION AND BILLINGBusiness Need This project has been initiated to replace the existing paper based reservation and billing system with the centralized system for electronic reservation and billing of the customers to provide the best personalized service to the target customers.Executive SummaryCurrently we are in a project debut phase. Following is the list tasks we will be doing throughout the project tenure. We have got approval from Mr. Jim and Mrs. Marlene Dodge, owner of this project for the system request. Based on the assumptions we have make en economic feasibility chart.Tasks associated with the project in each phasesPhaseTasksDeliverablesExplanationProject Initiation1. Create Project driveProject CharterIt is an official document from the sponsor. It describes the mission of the team and how to accomplish that missio n.2. Complete feasibility analysisConstraints and AssumptionsFeasibility Analysis determines whether to go forward with the project or not. It in addition covers the risks associated with the project which is very important to understand before the approval of the project. This is the most important deliverable of the initiation phase. Following areas will get covered in Feasibility Analysis. a Technical Feasibility Deals with the risks associated with the use of applications and technologies while the project is going on. Its always risky if we use an unfamiliar application or technology. ... ... 1 16 10 13 12 13 14 18 19 1920 21 22 23 24 38 29 38 39 48 34 48 49 50 49 49 49 51 52 52 References1 Systems Analysis and Design - Dennis. Wixom. Roth2 www.google.com3 http//www.tryonassoc.com/pdffiles/Task%20List%20-%20Project%20Management.pdf4 http//www.ofm.wa.gov/ocio/pmframework/initiation/planning/schedule.asp

The Media Dumbs Us Down Essay -- The Dumbing Down of America

The rise of media in our partnership has many effects on the sufferrs of the media. Many peck propose the question is this media making us dumber? Today there be a lot more forms of media available to people today. Through the media outlets of television and news, mesh and user-generated content, and social media, people have many options as to where they receive their media. As a whole, the mass media dumbs down society, through their attempt to keep up with the ever-changing of times and reach large masses of people. It is up to the consumer of the media what type they want to partake in. How do media compete in such an environment? The only counselling to compete is to go with it. To become it, and to help it. New forms of mass media is happening, will happen, and will not stop because we are a constantly changing society. The media tries to edit a new spin on media that combines older media techniques with a new more advanced form of media that attempts to reach all of s ociety. Even though they are effective at reaching mass crowds of viewers, and reaching people who may not have ever engaged in issues, they dumb down society by limiting the thoroughness of information presented.The dumbing down is usually applied as a derogatory term that refers to the simplifying of a subject towards the lowest common denominator. Americans consume large amounts of media. The average American spends half or their day watching hours of television, or listening to some sort of mass media. According to Shachtman author of The tongueless Society Eloquence and Culture in America, most Americans watch thirty hours of television a week, or 1,550 hours a year, listen to the radio 1, 160 hours a year, spend 180 hours a year reading some part of a ne... ...al_media_stats_kagan_fisch_mcleodCarr, N. (2008, Jul. - Aug.). Is google making us stupid?. The Atlantic, 1. Retrieved February 14, 2012, from http//www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stup id/6868/Shachtman, T. (1995). Extracurricular Educators. The dumb society eloquence and culture in America (pp. 95-142). New York Free Press.Sommerville, C. J. (1999). How the news makes us dumb the death of wisdom in an information society. Downers Grove, Ill. InterVarsity Press.Wolf, M. (2007). Proust and the squid, the invoice and science of the reading brain. New York, NY Harpercollins.YDSTIE, J. (2007, June 16). Does the internet undermine culture? NPR. NPR National Public Radio News & Analysis, World, US, Music & Arts NPR. Retrieved February 10, 2012, from http//www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872

The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley Essay -- essays research

The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer BradleyThe Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley, is not only an example of a gothic Romance, but also tells the story of the women who stood screwing world-beater Arthur during his infamous reign in the Middle Ages. The term Medieval Romance does not necessarily mean that the piece using it contains any pattern of romance. There are three criteria that must be meet to leap a Medieval Romance. (1) The plot must divide into sharply separate episodes that a good deal do not seem joined in any obvious casual fashion. (2) The plots generally take the form of tests that they must pass to attain form goal. (3) The protagonist fails tests, which often involve acts of moral and spiritual perception, until such a point that they finally follow advice. This book is not a typical Medieval Romance, but it contains all the important aspects of one. This novel explains the reasoning and decisions that Arthur made from the perspective of the women inv olved. The Mists of Avalon is a twist on the Arthurian tales as told by the four women implemental to the story Gwynhefar, Arthurs wife Igraine, his mother Viviane, the Lady of the Lake, High Priestess of Avalon and Morgaine, his sister, lover, and heiress to Avalon. The story is told by each as they saw it happen. In this novel, the legend of King Arthur is for the first time told through the lives, the visions, and the perceptions of the women central to it. By telling the story through a womans perspective The Mists of Avalon provides a feminine brain wave into the depths of Arthurian legend previously dominated by men. The struggle between Christianity and the religion of Avalon is one of the central parts of the story. Arthur, whose mother was Igraine, sister to Viviane, grows up to be High King of Britain after his father, Uther Pendragon, dies. In this era there were two religions that the people studied. One was under the Christians vows. They believed that their was only one god, theirs. They believed that all other gods were inconclusive and sinful. In the Christian beliefs, the women were believed to be the ultimate sinners. Under this belief they were always made to feel subservient to their men. The other religion was under the Goddess, who the people in the mystical world of Avalon believed were responsible for man and all of its creations. It is stated of... ...y wished for a baby and had no ill will towards Avalon. The same goes for Morgaine, there was no malignity in her actions, and we see this since her actions are told from her own perspective, not of a mans. Arthur betrayed Avalon and this was the result. In the male perspective of Arthurian legend we see only actions of the women. In this tale told by women we see their thoughts behind their actions. These thoughts were not know from the males perspective, but with the womans insight into these matters we see that more clearly.In a world where men largely dominate Arthurian legend, T he Mists of Avalon gives us a profound feminine insight. The Arthurian world of Avalon and Camelot with all its passions and adventures is revealed as its heroines baron have experienced it Queen Gwynhefar, Igraine, Viviane, and Arthurs sister, Morgaine. This is a story of profound conflict between Christianity and the old religion of Avalon. It was a story of Arthurs high treason of Avalon. It was the first time that an Arthurian legend was told by the viewpoint of the females involved in the story. The insights that these women provided to the story are truly profound.

The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley Essay -- essays research

The Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer BradleyThe Mists of Avalon, by Marion Zimmer Bradley, is non only an utilization of a medieval Romance, exclusively also tells the theme of the women who stood behind King Arthur during his infamous reign in the Middle Ages. The term Medieval Romance does not necessarily mean that the piece using it contains any sort of romance. There are three criteria that must be meet to form a Medieval Romance. (1) The plot must divide into sharply separate episodes that often do not seem joined in any obvious casual fashion. (2) The plots for the most part take the form of tests that they must pass to attain form goal. (3) The protagonist fails tests, which often involve acts of moral and spiritual perception, until such a point that they in the end follow advice. This book is not a typical Medieval Romance, but it contains all the important aspects of whizz. This novel explains the reasoning and decisions that Arthur made from the perspective of the women involved. The Mists of Avalon is a work on the Arthurian tales as told by the four women instrumental to the story Gwynhefar, Arthurs wife Igraine, his mother Viviane, the Lady of the Lake, High Priestess of Avalon and Morgaine, his sister, lover, and heiress to Avalon. The story is told by each as they saw it happen. In this novel, the legend of King Arthur is for the first time told through the lives, the visions, and the perceptions of the women central to it. By telling the story through a womans perspective The Mists of Avalon provides a feminine insight into the depths of Arthurian legend previously dominated by men. The struggle amid Christianity and the religion of Avalon is one of the central parts of the story. Arthur, whose mother was Igraine, sister to Viviane, grows up to be High King of Britain after his father, Uther Pendragon, dies. In this era there were two religions that the people studied. unmatched was under the Christians vows. They believed that their was only one god, theirs. They believed that all other gods were false and sinful. In the Christian beliefs, the women were believed to be the ultimate sinners. Under this belief they were always made to sapidity subservient to their men. The other religion was under the Goddess, who the people in the mystical world of Avalon believed were responsible for man and all of its creations. It is stated of... ...y wished for a baby and had no ill will towards Avalon. The same goes for Morgaine, there was no malice in her actions, and we see this since her actions are told from her own perspective, not of a mans. Arthur betrayed Avalon and this was the result. In the anthropoid perspective of Arthurian legend we see only actions of the women. In this tale told by women we see their thoughts behind their actions. These thoughts were not know from the males perspective, but with the womans insight into these matters we see that more clearly.In a world where men largely dominate Arthurian legend, The Mists of Avalon gives us a sonorous feminine insight. The Arthurian world of Avalon and Camelot with all its passions and adventures is revealed as its heroines might have experienced it Queen Gwynhefar, Igraine, Viviane, and Arthurs sister, Morgaine. This is a story of profound conflict between Christianity and the old religion of Avalon. It was a story of Arthurs betrayal of Avalon. It was the first time that an Arthurian legend was told by the viewpoint of the females involved in the story. The insights that these women provided to the story are truly profound.

Chanda’s Secret- Stigma

Sang 1 Sang To Meeraal Shafaat Interpreting Texts 20th celestial latitude 2012 Final draft AIDS- The stigma of purport Since the invention of medicine, never dumbfound human beings needed to face as a big ch completelyenge as the present The AIDS epidemic When masses sop up HIV virus and it continues to develop seriously, the HIV virus badly damages their bodies immune systems, which leads them to the risk for opportunist infections, meaning they easily get sickness without any protection. In this period, their infirmity will turn into AIDS, which has taken countless lives of mass and left the pain for legion(predicate) families in familiarity.Surrounding this incurable disease, there atomic number 18 plenty of intractable problems. Especially the perceptions somewhat AIDS of community and even the patients are not complete to hand over the patient from improper judgments of society. To bear resentment against society for having boycotted the patients, Allan Stratton wrot e Chandas Secrets. Through this novel, he shows us the real lives of AIDS patients, the loss, the loneliness and their tragic fates while go about death in the contemporary society. Not totally Africa but also all over the world there is a lot of prejudice and misconstrue in society about AIDS and the people who get this disease.AIDS is the most horrible disease that everyone fears whether they suffer from it or not. Despite the reason leading to their diseases, they are shunned and despised by community. As Stratton describes jonah, Jonah liked to party and afterward Sara was born he just stayed at the shebeen getting drunk on shake-shake. (21) At that time, he usually goes out with Mary and probably that is the reason Sang 2 why he gets AIDS. Until the disease is evidently shown on his body, Hes a skeleton. The flesh has been sucked out from under his skin.The skins dried so tight to his skull that the bridge of his nose has ripped through. (106) he is outcast and his siste r- Ruth is the set- cover version one to detect his symptoms of disease. She left him because she has to protect herself and her family from being infected. Everyone keeps at a distance from him. He is immediately kicked out of that society and seen as a excite creature. This time, he really needs someone to stay with him and protect him from being alienated and folks disdain. Occasionally, he sees Mary, the one he used to be sozzled with when he was healthy, in the crowd.He is so happy and he believes that only she lavatory save him this moment- when everyone stays away from him, looks him as an alien, a monster. However, life is not as expected, Mary tries to keep behind the Sibandas, but they grab her by the elbows and push her into the front. (107) Mary is also really scared of his illness so that she pretend not to cognize him she callously abandons his honor to protect her identity and prevents from being implicated. Jonah just likes other AIDS patients are seen as a tum or of society that must be eliminated or at least they are isolated from the community.Despite being tired of the disease attacking their health every day, infected persons have to overcome it in loneliness and unhappiness. Infected persons may be rejected even from the people closest to them. They may lose their jobs, their homes or important relationships as a result of peoples negative attitudes about AIDS. Because of the stigma attached to AIDS, people may find it difficult to tell others about their disease. Stratton shows Jonahs emotions when he asks Mary for function Mary warns him not to come towards her But Jonah does not listen.He staggers forward, (108) because he really wants someone cares about him. Until Mary throws the stones through Jonahs face, he puts off catching her. During this time, he is in shock and panic he cannot believe his sight because the last one he could trust is also leaving him. His Sang 3 desire to escape from this hell is broken. How poor he is now when seeing people turning away without mercy, perhaps he feels mortified and solitary, this place is a proper hell for Jonah and other infected persons.Instead of encouraging AIDS patients, people disdain, revoke meeting them and put contempt into them. These patients not only have to fight against the disease that is taking their lives day by day, but they also have to fight back the communitys prejudices of their unwanted diseases. Victims of AIDS have to face the death without anyone standing by such as Jonah after being abandoned, he just receives an excuse from Mary, Sorry, old friend. (108) Actually, no one can understand the death in the coldness, loneliness, and shame they are suffering.Because of having a disease that people fear and see them as stigmas that need to be prevented from their lives, they are shunned by relatives and all people around them. They feel empty. They are humiliated. There is only a world that is indicative of their own to cope with illness th ey crave the voice, laughter and someones care more than ever, but it is just their dreams. The patients spang that living with a serious, stigmatized and potentially life-threatening illness can be extremely stressful and difficult, they also scare that society will alienate their family.To avoid the bad report card of the family being involved infected patients, whether voluntary or forced, most of them have to leave their family. Jonahs death is probably caused by his pessimistic thoughts about life, no one even look at him and his life means nothing. As a result, not until the disease kills him, his survival ends in the bottom of an abandoned well. In contrast, Chandas experience does not die in loneliness but at first, she chooses to leave her children because she wants to protect them. She is smart enough to realize her illness Mamas headaches. Her weariness. Her joints.The way shes gotten so thin. (109) so that she pretends to believe in superior that her house has devil and she has to come back Tiro to solve it. Her Sang 4 intention is to die in Tiro and will not come back. The folks will not know about her death and that is the last thing she can do to avoid damaging her childrens lives because of her. She does not want her children live the rest of life with shuddery and hiding. She makes her children believe that she stays in Tiro or if they know she dies by hearing anyone says, they will not be hurt as much as directly seeing their mother dies.It is true that not every infected person is bad there are those who have their own problems need to be solved but the reality does not allow them. Hence, the patients families will be underestimated. However, the most pitiful victims are still the children. The children may be infected or not, but if they instantly have any of their relatives gets AIDS, they have to endure the fierce wave of public opinion. The early deep hurt and the loss in life makes children have no fun and opportunities in studying . AIDS brings bad reputations, and then it breaks up many families by carrying away the patients lives.As a result, these shocks cause a colossal impact on the change of children, which leads to their mental problems or their lives. Stratton also mentions Esthers parents die because of AIDS. Then no one can take care all of her siblings, they are separated to other relatives home (75, 76). Due to being sad and miss her siblings, Esther says Well, things are going to change. I have a plan. This time following year well all be together. (80) This is also the turning point of her life, the way she chooses to earn money in order to bring her siblings back, make her become infected.It can be said that the environment also has an impact on childrens growing up they easily step into the path of sin. That is why Chandas mother decides to sacrifice herself dying in the dark instead of making her childrens lives become dark. Only Jonah is enough, she does not want her children sustain the bad reputation anymore. Stigma and discrimination will kill AIDS patients before the disease kills them. In such a rigorous society, patients are more likely inclined(predicate) in complex, lose their faith and live without Sang 5 responsibility for community.By verbal gestures, peoples contempt can severely affect the psychological science of patients and their families. The folks deprive the right to live and social integration of the patients. AIDS takes happiness away, breaks up many hearts. Why dont people help infected persons get through adversity? If they continue to discriminate with AIDS patients, it will be hard to decrease the number of infected persons. Through Chandas Secrets, Stratton wants to show the hardships, consequences and implications of AIDS, which can be decreased or increased, still bases on the total awareness.

Major Benefits Of The Airtraq Health And Social Care Essay

The undermentioned entry lineations my proposal to familiarise the AirtraqA Video Intubation ( Airtraq by Prodol, 2010 ) device into the Airway Management Clinical Practice Guidelines of Ambulance Victoria.Endotracheal Intubation ( ETI ) has eer been considered the gilded criterion of airline direction and is directly a MICA exactly skill. My proposal is to present a mod piece of equipment which will non merely do it easier for MICA trained paramedics, but may take to ALS paramedics one twenty-four hours besides being accredited in ET canulisation. At present Ambulance Victoria do non use any picture laryngoscopy equipment, alternatively trusting on the standard Macintosh laryngoscope and perfect line of sight of the vocal corduroys to execute the cannulation.Clinical suit has shown that with the usage of the Airtraq Guided Video Intubation tool successful in increasing cannulation rates, even in look hard instances. The Airtraq device is compatible with IFS and RSI cannul ations and has even been used in awake longanimouss sideline consumption of a lignocaine solution. They have been used in morbidly cogent patients, patients fitted with cervical neckbands, patients restrained in autos following MVA s, and pediatric instances to c solely a few. They have besides been used as portion of a failed cannulation work aft(prenominal) direct laryngoscopy cannulation was non achieved.This proposal aims chiefly to present the Airtraq as the standard tool used by AV for cannulation, or neglecting that, as the following cadence during a hard patient following the failed cannulation bore CPG before making for the cricothyroidotomy scalpel.Kind respects,BackgroundETI is an intricate exertion that requires pattern and apprehension in order to execute and keep the proficiency. To set up or keep a patent airway a soft plastic tubing is move past the patients vocal cords and into the windpipe. Different methods of interpolation apply and scope from necessitati ng general anesthesia or local anesthesia to none at all referred to as an awake cannulation. Currently cannulation in Ambulance Victoria is reserved merely for MICA officers due to the terrible reverberations if it is non performed right. However, it is a basis of advanced airway direction and indispensable in clinical scenarios where the patients air passage is compromised or oxygen bringing is imperative such as traumatic encephalon hurt. The accomplishment is non merely used in the prehospital scene but predominately in exigency sections worldwide which is where the bulk of our informations has been sourced from. Paramedics are invariably needful to canulate in less(prenominal) than ideal fortunes kayoed in the field. Any device or tool that would be helpful in helping cannulation and consequence in few complications or troubles should be considered earnestly.Macintosh Laryngoscope ( Dimeda, 2009 ) Previous surveies show that paramedic pupils executing traditional Macintosh cannulations required extended preparation that may turn out to be financially unrealistic for an establishment ( Warner et al. , 2010 ) . The survey reported that in order to accomplish high success rates of first-pass ETI, drawn-out preparation plans and patient exposure was required. Whilst it was fortunate that the peculiar university carry oning the survey was attached to an adjoining infirmary, obtaining in-hospital patients to pattern upon may be far more(prenominal) ambitious for most separate preparation plans and universities.So what makes the Airtraq different?The Airtraq is preponderantly based upon the Macintosh laryngoscope design. Both are long metallic blades aimed at making the groove channel to let for a good visual of the vocal cords. However the differences between the cardinal designs and the subsequent positive consequences are good documented.AirtraqA Laryngoscope( Enayah, 2010 ) There is marked curvature toward the tip of the Airtraq blade, turn out in le ss manoeuvring and force per unit area during interpolation, hence supplying less opportunity of dental injury. More significantly, the in-built optical camera placed at the distal tip of the blade is designed to give the best possible position of vocal cords with the mini proctor built into the grip of the device. The two most common landmarks used during interpolation ( vallecula channel for Macintosh and epiglottis for Miller blade ) can both be used with the Airtraq, doing it a rightfully various pick for those coming to work in Victoria from interstate of abroad ambulance services.There is the option of an extra radio proctor to give a larger image of the camera position and provides a docking station in instance charging is required. It besides integrates an anti-fog system to give the best opportunity at a clear position. Additionally the Airtraq is a individual usage disposable device that wholly cuts out any cross-contamination hazards that may originate due to untimely c leansing after usage.A survey performed in the UK comparing proficiency of medical pupils with no anterior advanced airway direction preparation, provides cardinal grounds in favor of the Airtraq being used amongst ALS and MICA crew likewise. The survey compared a scope of state of affairss including normal air passages in resupine place, left sidelong place, during cervical immobilization and in a pharyngeal obstructor scenario. They so evaluated the figure of cannulation efforts, figure of optimization maneuver ( seting of the caput, bougie, assistance ) , continuance of the cannulation efforts and dental injury caused ( Maharaj, Costello, Higgins, Harte & A Laffey, 2007 ) . Across the board there were better consequences put down with the Airtraq pupils stated it was easier to utilize, they had less trouble, cannulation time were shorter and tactics and incidence of dental injury were significantly dismantle compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope.The survey so went on to r e-test the participants in 6 months clip in order to measure a impairment in cannulation accomplishments ( Maharaj et al. , 2007 ) . Consequences in favor of the Airtraq once more proved positive, frequently demoing about dual the success rate when utilizing the Airtraq. 90 % of Airtraq cannulations required zero optimization maneuverers compared to 50 % whilst utilizing the Macintosh.This information tells us that there is the possible to do ETI far easier and safer for paramedics whilst utilizing this tool compared to the current Macintosh laryngoscope. It so shows us that because of the design of the Airtraq, even if the medical practician has non used the device in a important clip, they are more likely to be able to cannulate right and rapidly utilizing the Airtraq. This would be wondrous good for those MICA staff that have nt performed ETI for a piece and are experiencing rusty. It besides shows possible that possibly in the hereafter, ETI could perchance be introduced to AL S paramedics provided a thorough and supportive preparation plan can be provided.Major benefits of the AirtraqAs the population becomes older, less active and increasingly more corpulent, new techniques and get bying schemes will necessitate to be devised to battle progressively hard cannulations. Taking patients that were undergoing bariatric surgery, a survey was performed to find the best manner in which to use the Airtraq in respects to way of interpolation ( Dhonneur et al. , 2007 ) . In mean leaden patients it is practical to utilize the standard method of laryngoscope interpolation without excessively umteen complications. However in morbidly corpulent patients a somewhat different method was developed to battle the extra fatty tissues barricading the throat. The blade can be inserted with the curve rotated 180A prior, so rotated into the normal pharyngeal place known as a contrary tactic. This process was shown to diminish cannulation times during the survey which is ideal and implies that the patient will hold the shortest clip possible in between oxygenation and airings with this method. Difficult cannulations including corpulent patients have been reported to take 4 times every bit long as standard cannulations ( Dhonneur et al. , 2007 ) so safely and efficaciously cut downing interpolation times is overriding when researching new methods and tools.An extended survey was performed to find if the Airtraq truly was every bit adept as it claimed to be when used in concurrence with patients that has suffered from spinal hurts and had later been fitted with cervical neckband. The survey was performed utilizing patients undergoing surgery whom had no anterior or current spinal injury. Alternatively trends between occipital and cervical sections were measured utilizing skiagraphy and the information was recorded in grades of angle ( Hirabayashi, Fujita, Seo & A Sugimoto, 2008 ) . Again, this research compared between the Macintosh laryngoscope and the A irtraq. Whilst both devices used did make some extension motion when cannulation was performed, the Numberss were still lower and in favor of the Airtraq. The research workers used the patients impersonal head place as the baseline figure and found that divergences in spinal angles were smaller, sometimes up to 40 % compared with the Macintosh. The article besides finished by saying that the troubles in go throughing a ET tubing down through the vocal cords utilizing a Macintosh blade ( being unable to put patient in the sniffing place ) would ask significant and accordingly, a important angulation of the laryngoscope ( Hirabayashi, 2008 ) . However in line of products the Airtraq has a built in counsel channel for weaving the ET tubing into the windpipe when cords have been adequately visualised. This would ensue in a slack of motion bing less possible for spinal hurts caused by cannulation injury. Whilst old surveies had recorded and analysed the clip it took to execute cannulat ion with Airtraq ( Nowicki et al. , 2009 ) , this survey specifically showed scope of motion alternatively of clip and velocity.Discussion and DecisionThe information gathered in this proposal is designed to demo the board that the Airtraq device has superior effectivity when comparing cannulation consequences against the standard Macintosh laryngoscope.The curvature of the blade and camera make it far easier to visualize vocal cords whilst the patient is supine or even sitting.Cannulations performed were systematically express and required fewer efforts than normal.The Airtraq system has proven it has a rapid acquisition curve with novitiates and professionals likewise being able to visualize class 1 cords rapidly, easy and still be far more effectual than the options at a ulterior day of the month after nothing exposure.The device has shown its self-importance to be the preferable tool when cannulating the corpulent or spinally immobilised.It was documented that the Airtraq did non raise blood force per unit area up by 50mmHg after cannulation unlike its Macintosh equivalent ( Maharaj et al. , 2008 ) .The Airtraq caused less dental injury and soft tissue hurt.Was suited and encouraged during hard cannulations state of affairss such as spinal hurts, corpulent patients, tissue hydropsThese points and more are presumptively what a paramedic would look for in an cannulation tool if minded(p) the option. If given the pick between what is presently in usage and the easier, safer and more various option, the Airtraq appears to be a clear victor. Compatible with both IFS and RSI guidelines the Airtraq would comfortably steal into our presently used cannulation CPG s and could potentially replace the Macintosh wholly. The possible cost factors at buying the disposable tool would hopefully be seen as secondary to its benefits for both the patient and the paramedic. Logistically buying the new device would hold to be determined informations exposing how many cannula tions MICA performs on a regular footing. apply the Airtraq would potentially alter the manner we think about cannulation and let it to go incorporate into the ALS accomplishment set. More research would be required into uniting the Airtraq without the terrible paralytic drugs such suxamethonium used in RSI and whether it could be a possible option for ALS paramedics.Considerations for extra CPG information are include below.Airtraq by Prodol. ( 2010 ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //airtraq.com/airtraq/portal.portal.actionDhonneur, G. , Ndoko, S. K. , Amathieu, R. , Attias, A. , Housseini, L. E. L. , Polliand, C. , & A Tual, L. ( 2007 ) . A comparing of two techniques for infixing the Airtraq laryngoscope in morbidly corpulent patients. Anaesthesia, 62, 774-777Dimeda ( 2009 ) . Dimeda Surgical Instruments. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dimeda.de/images/laryngoscope.jpgEnayah, A. ( 2010 ) . hint and slender Care Solutions. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.al-enayah.com/Product.htmlHirabayashi, Y. , Fujita, A. , Seo, N. , & A Sugimoto, H. ( 2008 ) A comparing of cervical spine motion during laryngoscopy utilizing the Airtraq or Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia, 63, 635-640.Maharaj, C. H. , Costello, J. , Higgins, B. D. , Harte, B. H. , & A Laffey, J. G. ( 2007 ) . Retention of tracheal cannulation accomplishments by novice forces a comparing of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia, 62, 272-27.Maharaj, C. H. , Costello, J. , Higgins, B. D. , Harte, B. H. , & A Laffey, J. G. ( 2008 ) . Evaluation of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients at increased hazard for hard tracheal cannulation. Anaesthesia, 63, 182-188Nowicki, T. A. , Suozzi, J. C. , Dziedzic, M. , Kamin, R. , Donahue, S. , & A Robinson, K. ( 2009 ) Comparison of usage of the Airtraq with direct laryngoscopy by paramedics in the fake air passage. Prehospital Emergency Care, 13 ( 1 ) , 75-80Warner, K. J. , Carlbom, D . , Cooke, C. R. , Bulger, E. M. , Copass, M. K. , & A Sharar, S. R. ( 2010 ) . Paramedic preparation for adept prehospital endotracheal cannulation. Prehospital Emergency Care, 14 ( 1 ) , 103-108.

12 Steps to Recovery Essay

Addiction of any substance is an extremely difficult thing to accept. When we finally control that We have a problem it is up us to admit it. Once we have accepted that we are addicted we have made the first and intimately important graduation to reco very(prenominal). We learn that once recovery is what we want in our lives at that place are go to take these steps is to mean we are immediate to completely give yourself to a higher power. This higher power send word be anything or anyone we want it to be, whether it be God or nearone we potful really trust and depend on. There are 12 steps to recovery that will table service us dwell clean and back up us be successful in staying in recovery.This we call the 12 Step Program. The first step to recovery is we admit were powerless over our colony and our lives have become unmanageable. This means admitting weeven have an addiction problem. By saying your life has become unmanageable states that we dont want to continue no urishment your life the way have been during your addiction. Our addiction has taken over our life, and admitting that were an addict helps us take responsibility for our actions instead of blaming others as we did before. The second step is we have come to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity as we knew it.See moreThe Story of an Hour literary Analysis EssayFor most of us our higher power is god. We would give everything to our higher power and ask him for forgiveness. We then would recite the Serenity Prayer to help us. The Serenity Prayer is God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things I can, and the wisdom to know the difference This is a very powerful prayer as I feel today. The third step is that weve made the decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God as we understand and know him. We allow him to guide us through the recovery process we are going through.He lets us kno w that we are not alone in this, and we will never be alone again as long as we have him in our lives. The fourth step is making a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves. We look inside ourselves to find out what our morals are and to get wind out what we believe in. We figure out what we stand for and learn what we think is right and wrong in life. In this step you must become brutally honest with yourself knowing that theres nothing we can do to change the past. This does not mean you are a bad person but that you have made some bad decisions in our lives, that we as human beings are not perfect.The fifth step is when we have admitted to God, ourselves, and another human being the exact natures of our wrongs we have do during our addiction. Completing this step gets the monkey off your back pursay. More than most people the addict lead a double life. This means we are solo showing what we want people to see. Not being honest and showing our true colors. We still co ntinued to lie and expected to be able to stay clean. Through this step we learned that this is not possible in order to stay clean and live a honest life through recovery. Those of us that belong to religious sanctuaries can confide in the proper person of that faith .Others that are not religious may find someone they can confide in such as a doctor or therapist. Someone that we can trust to keep what has been said in confidence. We cannot disclose anything to our family because we are not allowed to say things to them that will make them unhappy. We cannot save our own skins by making someone else unhappy. By doing so our fears come closer and we begin to sack up that our life is opening up and showing what our life was really about . This is the scariest thing we will do. And the hardest step to complete out of all 12 of them. The sixth step is when we ask God to remove these defects of character.Which in turn means we surrender our whole self to God? When we are ready, we say to him something like this My Creator, I am now willing that you should have all of me, good and bad. I pray that you now remove from me every single defect of character which stands in the way of my usefulness to you and my fellows. Grant me strength, as I go out from here, to do your bidding. Amen The seventh step we become willing to ask God to help us to remove all of our shortcomings. This is not a long step and like I said previously its not one of the hardest steps to do during recovery.

Centripetal Force Lab Activity

Centripetal Force Lab Activity Analysis 1. A) Average Percent Difference 50g (values denotative in newtons) tonicity 1 Calculate the average value of the two variables Average Value= Value 1+ Value 2 /2 = 0. 49+ 0. 61/2 = 1. 1/2 = 0. 55 Step 2 Calculate the difference between the two variables Difference= Value 2- Value 1 = Fc- Fg = 0. 61- 0. 49 = 0. 12 Step 3 Calculate % difference % difference= difference of the variables / average of the variables x b showtime = 0. 12/ 0. 55 x 100 = 21. 81% 100g (values uttered in newtons)Step 1 Calculate the average value of the two variables Average Value= Value 1+ Value 2 /2 = 0. 98+ 1. 84/2 = 2. 82/2 = 1. 41 Step 2 Calculate the difference between the two variables Difference= Value 2- Value 1 = Fc- Fg = 1. 84- 0. 98 = 0. 86 Step 3 Calculate % difference % difference= difference of the variables / average of the variables x 100 = 0. 86/ 1. 41 x 100 = 60. 99% 150g (values expressed in newtons) Step 1 Calculate the average value of the two va riables Average Value= Value 1+ Value 2 /2 = 1. 47+ 2. 19/2 = 3. 66/2 = 1. 83Step 2 Calculate the difference between the two variables Difference= Value 2- Value 1 = Fc- Fg = 2. 19- 1. 47 = 0. 72 Step 3 Calculate % difference % difference= difference of the variables / average of the variables x 100 = 0. 72/ 1. 83 x 100 = 39. 34% 200g (values expressed in newtons) Step 1 Calculate the average value of the two variables Average Value= Value 1+ Value 2 /2 = 1. 96+ 2. 66/2 = 4. 62/2 = 2. 31 Step 2 Calculate the difference between the two variables Difference= Value 2- Value 1 = Fc- Fg = 2. 66- 1. 96 = 0. 70 Step 3 Calculate % difference difference= difference of the variables / average of the variables x 100 = 0. 70/2. 31 x 100 = 30. 30% 250g (values expressed in newtons) Step 1 Calculate the average value of the two variables Average Value= Value 1+ Value 2 /2 = 2. 45+ 3. 57/2 = 6. 02/2 = 3. 01 Step 2 Calculate the difference between the two variables Difference= Value 2- Value 1 = Fc - Fg = 3. 57- 2. 45 = 1. 12 Step 3 Calculate % difference % difference= difference of the variables / average of the variables x 100 = 1. 12/ 3. 01 x 100 = 37. 20% Average % difference = Sum of all 5 averages/5 21. 81+ 60. 99+ 39. 34+ 30. 30+ 37. 20/ 5 = 189. 64/ 5 = 37. 92% B) Slope Calculations (Graph is displayed on a separate sheet) 50g Slope= Rise/Run = 0. 61/0. 49 = 1. 25 100g Slope= Rise/Run = 1. 84/0. 98 = 1. 877 150g Slope= Rise/Run = 2. 19/1. 47 = 1. 489 200g Slope= Rise/Run = 2. 66/1. 96 = 1. 357 250g Slope= Rise/Run = 3. 57/2. 45 = 1. 457 After calculating the slope of each section of the graph (each section corresponds to a certain mass used in the lab activity) it is evident that it varies from its expected value by a great amount.The expected value of the slope was 1 as the rise and the run were supposed to be equal. until now in our quality the rise and the run varied greatly and therefore because they were different numbers the slope did not turn out to be 1 (the entirely way to get a slope of 1 is if both the numerator and denominator are equal, as a number divided by itself is always 1 and a number divided by a different number can never equal 1). 2. Yes the data collected did verify the equation Fc=42Rmf2. This is because the only varying value in this field of study f, had a direct relationship with the value of Fc.The only other values that had to be determined in this lab was the wheel spoke and the mass of the rubber limpper but they were never-ending variables (constant at 0. 87m and 12. 4g respectively) meaning that they had no varying effect on the value of Fc. For there to be a relationship between Fc and 42Rmf2 when the value of any of the variables changes the value of Fc has to change as well Because the value of f had a direct relationship with the value of Fc, when the value of f changed the value of Fc changed as well. In this particular case when the value of f grew so did the value of Fc.For example, during the 50g shield the frequency was 1. 2Hz and the Fc was 0. 61N, and during the 100g test the frequency was 2. 08Hz and the Fc was 1. 84N. This shows that as the frequency increases so does the Fc acting on the strategy. This therefore shows the relationship between Fc and 42Rmf2. 3. A) When the string was pulled down and the stopper was still go around, the stopper started spinning at a faster rate (took less time to complete 1 cycle around the trip) B) This happens plainly because the radius is being shortened.Because the stopper on the end of the string is moving around the horizontal circle at a constant speed it is therefore being acted upon by a constant net-force. In this case the net-force acting upon it (the stopper) is Fc, therefore because it is Fc acting upon it, the force can be calculated by the formula 42Rmf2 as that is equal to Fc. In this case because the string with the stopper on the end was being pulled down this means that the radius of the entire circle was diminish (less string= littler distance= smaller radius).In that formula if the radius is smaller that means that the centripetal force will be larger. In this case that larger the centripetal force acting on the rubber stopper, the faster the rubber stopper rotates around the horizontal circle. C) The laws of conservation of energy state that the total energy in the system stays the corresponding but simply takes on different forms (kinetic and potential being examples). Therefore this case is not contrary to the laws of conservation of energy simply because when the radius is decreasing the rubber stopper speeds up.In the laws of conservation of energy when an object is swiftness up the object is gaining kinetic energy. However in this case while the stopper is speeding up the hanging mass ( on with some of the string) is falling to the ground. From a conservation of energy perspective when an object relapses height it loses potential energy. Therefore in this case the object at the top gains kinetic energy while the mass loses potential energy. Because of this energy transfer no energy is lost in the system as hen the object is losing potential energy the other object in the same system is gaining kinetic energy, therefore the energy stays the same. D) In figure skating the skaters do the exact same thing as what was done in this lab experiment. In order to spin faster they influence low (get low to the ground) and tuck their arms and legs in. This causes them to spin much faster than they were originally spinning and follows the same principles that the rubber stopper experiment followed. When they get low they lose potential energy but getting low causes them to tuck in (tuck in their legs and arms) and ultimately have a smaller radius.This smaller radius causes them to have a much greater centripetal force and ultimately causes them to spin faster and causes them to gain kinetic energy. This follows the laws of conservation of energy as when they lose potenti al energy they gain kinetic energy (theoretically no energy lost- only transferred) Sources of Error In this particular lab activity there were not very many potential sources of error simply because it was not as complicated an activity as many others. Therefore all errors that were made were simply human measurement errors.The main source of error in this lab activity was touchstone the period/frequency. This was a challenge simply because the person measuring had to do many different things in a very small amount of time. That one person was responsible for firstly choosing a spot along the path of the horizontal circle to begin the measurement from, then that same person had to start the watch during the very small time frame in which the rubber stopper passed by that specific point on the circle. From there the person had to count the stopper pass by 5 times and stop the watch when it passed by the 5th time.This made it very challenging to get a completely accurate measuremen t for the period and the frequency, as it was very difficult to get an exact measurement of that time period. These slight mis figurings of the frequency caused the calculation of the centripetal force to be slightly wrong as well because the calculation of centripetal force depended on the frequency. This is evident because our Fg and Fc calculations are way off, as they were supposed to be nearly the same number as Fg= Fc. X-axis= Fc Y-axis= Fg point 1= 50g point 2= 100g point 3= 150g point 4= 200g point 5= 250g Data Mass of stopper 12. 4g Radius of Rotation 87cm Mass of hang masses Time for 5 cycles Period (T) Frequency (f) FgFg=mhg FcFc=42Rmf2 50g 4. 2s 0. 84 1. 2Hz 0. 49N 0. 61N 100g 2. 44s 0. 48 2. 08Hz 0. 98N 1. 84N 150g 2. 23s 0. 44 2. 27Hz 1. 47N 2. 19N 200g 1. 99s 0. 4 2. 5Hz 1. 96N 2. 66N 250g 1. 65s 0. 34 2. 9Hz 2. 45N 3. 57N

Psychological Anaylsis of the Virgin Suicides

Novels ease up more to them than meet the eye. Past the cover and the first read, there is yet an extra element involved in superb books. Jeffery Eugenides clearly had an understanding of this. Written in 1991, The Virgin Suicides is not right a story. Bizarre, abnormal, and tragic is how Jeruen Dery describes the book in his review of it. As more than pages in a cover, The Virgin Suicides has some magic to uncover. To fully understand a novel, one must recognize a precritical response to key element that quantity to a written work of art. The setting of the novel is one that is familiar to valet de chambrey Ameri domiciliates.In essence, it is a modern suburbia, complete with y fall outh, adults, and the elderly, along with the old, and the new. This directly contributes to the plot, which involves a man versus baseball club struggle with more than one set of characters. Two main sets of characters are prevalent and neither host show purely protagonist or antagonist characte ristics. Both the capital of Portugal girls and the neighborhood boys share the two roles throughout the duration of the novel. When reacting to the structure of the novel, one notices the straightforwardness of the piece.After a glance at the annul events, the rest of the book goes through the progression of a year in chronological order while also following a typical emergent action-climax-falling action format. The style of the book keeps a continuous flow throughout the piece. The words are sophisticated, as well as the general structure of the sentences and the elan they flow together. The words and sentence structure contribute to the atmosphere of the work as a whole. In his review of the piece, Dery says, Every aspect of the novel is scarce dark, and contributes to the overall macabre mood of the piece. The general theme of the novel faces to be how suicide doesnt only affect those who are directly involved, such as family, teachers, and close friends. It shows how suic ide affects the entire community. While reading the novel, a particular set of characters caught my eye. The narrators have what would be a textbook definition of irresistible impulse with the Lisbon girls. They are more than just teenage boys being obsessed with teenage girls. In their case, this is not just a normal obsession like society thinks of today, but something much more psychological than that. This obsession is more of a disorder.By the words of Alex Lickerman obsession is a giant tidal wave that crashes through our minds and washes past all other concerns. In an article from Psych Central symbols of an obsession disorder include preoccupations with organization, lists, or rules, unable to discard old or worn out items, and has a consciousness of specific details. The neighborhood boys display all of these things. Their preoccupations with organization are clear throughout the novel when looking at how they kept leash of the girls things through a numbering system si milar to that of police evidence.They are also seemingly unable to discard the things they collected from the girls. A third symptom appears through the entire work as a whole, because the boys are speaking as though all of these events took place many years ago, yet they seem to remember almost every detail of the year of the suicides. Just through these symptoms, it is clear that the boys have an obsession with the Lisbon girls, even into their adulthoods. The American Psychiatric fellowship characterizes obsessions as,irrational thoughts which keep reoccurring. In the conclusion of the book, the boys are going over a summary of the year and they admit to this kind of behavior. They even kind of send the behavior on the girls by saying, They made us participate in their own madness, because we couldnt help but retrace their steps, rethink their thoughts, and see that no(prenominal) of them lead to us, (Eugenides 248). This statement shows an obvious obsession with the Lisbon gi rls. Therefore, one can see that the neighbor hood boys have an obsession that goes further than just a stereotypical teenage obsession. The other set of characters also have a psychological disorder of sorts.With the exception of Cecilia, the other four Lisbon girls appear to have Post Traumatic striving Disorder (PTSD). People acquire PTSD by living through a traumatic event in their life. In the case of Lux, Mary, Bonnie, and Therese, the event that sparked the disorder was not a single event, but two with one common source. The first being Cecilias wrist moorage and hospital stay. The second is the actual event of her death. Characteristics of PTSD include staying away from places and things that remind one of what happened, feeling alone, and outbursts of acts which are normally out of character.The girls all displayed these in the time between Cecilias death and theirs. The narrators have told us through a number of different ways that the girls felt alone as a group. They a re pictured as being alone together, meaning that the four of them feel as though they are the only ones that understand themselves. The girls also submit in activities that seem out of character compared to who the rest of the community thought they were. In Luxs case this is the high amount of sexual activity. For the group as a whole, it is clinging together, not having other friends, and staying in the house and complying with their parents.For the most part the girls seem so uninterested in the activities of their peers it seems as though they died with Cecilia. some other characteristic of PTSD is having suicidal tendencies according to the case Center for PTSD. In conclusion, one can see how the Lisbon girls developed Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after the death of Cecilia. When looking at the evidence presented, it is clear that the two main groups of characters have psychological disorders. In the case of the neighborhood boys, their obsession with the Lisbon girls goe s further than just being interested.This becomes apparent when one compares the boys with textbook symptoms of obsession disorders. Lux, Mary, Bonnie, and Therese also have a psychological disorder. In their case it is PTSD. This can be proven when examining the year leading up to their death under a lens filtered with the characteristics of PTSD. Because of these facts we are able to see how The Virgin Suicides is more than just a story about five girls deaths told by the boys they grew up with. As one can see, the novel is more than meets the eye. Works Cited American Psychiatric Association. apprehension Disorders. Www. Psychiatry. rg. American Psychiatric Association, 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. Dery, Jeruen. Book Review The Virgin Suicides by Jeffrey Eugenides. Blogcritics Books. Technorati Inc. , 11 Oct. 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. Eugenides, Jeffrey. The Virgin Suicides. New York Farrar Straus Giroux, 1993. Print. Lickerman, Alex, M. D. Obsession. Www. psychologytoday. com. Suss ex Publishers, LLC, 26 Apr. 2010. Web. 30 May 2013. PsychCentral Staff. neurotic Personality Disorder PsychCentral. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder PsychCentral. PyschCentral, 1 June 2010. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. Suicide and PTSD. NATIONAL CENTER for PTSD. United States Department of Veteran Affairs, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. The National Institute of Mental Health, and National Institutes of Health. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Easy-to-Read). NIMH RSS. National Institutes of Health, 15 June 2012. Web. 30 Mar. 2013. U. S. National Library of Medicine, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, and National Institutes of Health. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder MedlinePlus. U. S National Library of Medicine. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Mar. 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2013.

Great Citizenship Essay

Do you consider yourself a effectual citizen? Do you feel youve helped enough just to keep a best aw atomic number 18 or is there more you cease do to actually be considered a good Samaritan by nature? Everyone defines citizenship variously, but overall the intentions of good citizenship are all the same. In the article, Great Citizenship, by Eric Liu, and Nick Hanauer, citizenship is carefully examined and defined as overmuch more than a legal citizen in a fussy countrified. Liu and Hanauer inform the readers on what citizenship really tights, what people are missing kayoed on and what more they can do to better themselves as citizens and help society. Doing things fall out of the kindness of my heart to help another, as well as obeying laws, are things I consider good citizenship.To be a good citizen is to have good intentions. By Citizenship we do not mean legal documentation status. We mean living in a pro-social way at every scale of life. We mean showing up for each other Eric Liu and Nick Hanauer. Great Citizenship. Being a citizen is much more than person who legally belongs to a specific country with legal rights. It involves random acts of kindness not only when its convenient but also when its inconvenient. Partake in good acts even when others arent around such as recycling, throwing misplaced trash in nearby trash cans, helping elders with their groceries, so on and so forth.Every individual leads different lives therefore they have their own burdens and problems to deal with. People are so overwhelmed and focused on themselves that they dont pay much attention to others and their struggles. As an overwhelmed individual I have the tendency to overlook someone elses issues whether that someone asks for help or not. I can identify to this part of the edition in a negative way but I can also identify to the readingin a numerous of positive ways. For example, boosting the confidence of others and giving them a sense of good self-esteem. W hen I see someone is feeling down I try to make that individuals sidereal day in any(prenominal) way I can whether I personally know him/her or not. I Make Courtesy Count. Being courteous to another brings out a feeling of importance and respect whether if its a compliment or a simple thing like manners. Out of the five rules I strongly support small acts of leadership compound.Participating in events that help others in school or in your community are huge acts of good citizenship. By helping others or maintaining a stable community you open the doors for others to participate by being a role model. My behavior is influenced by the actions of others by the bandwagon effect. A bandwagon is a popular activity or effort that affects growing support. Im a good citizen by nature but Ive also learned to be a good citizen by observing others and their acts of kindness. I see how helping others can make someones day and make their life easier and less stressful. My behavior can be modifi ed in a positive and beneficial way by participating more in school and in my community.I can join clubs, or help out around the city by leaving areas nicer than I left(a) it. I can greet more people as I go along my day instead of just greeting them at cause as Im supposed to. Liu, and Hanauers beneficial article makes great points that the average person easy overlooks. Being a great citizen is much more than it is thought out to be. Great citizenship hasnt died out completely, but is overlooked by many everywhere. Paying more attention to our everyday actions can greatly benefit society and will be used more in the future. Generations to come will know more of what it means to be a great citizen.

Knowledge and Emotion Essay

Emotion plays a big role in boosting cognition even though when we do not assure it. Therefore, I agree with the quote, There can be no knowledge without emotion. We may be aw be of a truth, yet until we oblige felt its force, it is not ours. by Arnold Bennett, an English novelist. First of all, with the part, There can be no knowledge without emotion1, it can be proved by our experience. For example, we know about habitation tectonics but until you quality it, you cant have knowledge. Earthquakes prove that the plate tectonics are moving towards each other(a), away from each other or slide past each other.Since I live in Japan, earthquakes can be felt often and I have the knowledge of what it is analogous to be in an area with lots of earthquakes. Also, for example, we can prove that we have knowledge from genes. Sometimes, I feel that I have the same characteristic as my mother when I am talking to my pets. I talk with them in a softer voice than when we talk to other people . Also, my mothers family loves animals and I was too brought up with an animal always beside me.Finally I can also see evidence from learning physics. I learned that the energy is transferred into other energies. Before, I wondered why bouncy balls bounced lower each time. When I learned about the energies, I gained the knowledge that the potential energy was transferred into heat, sound and other energies. From gaining these truths and experiencing it, it gives us knowledge of what it is like. By experiencing these things, it influences our emotion and gives us the knowledge.though some people disagree that knowledge can be gained without emotion, I argue that the statement is not true. though when you learn something, until you have realized what it is and accepted the information, then it is not knowledge. We have to know the information to gain the knowledge so to gain the knowledge we have to experience it. For example, I know the truth that floods occur and the consequences as well as the effects of it but since I have not experienced it before, I do not have the knowledge of what it is like to be in an area, which flooded. Furthermore, by learning biology, I know that there are diseases such as thrombosis, a blood clotting disease but since I have not experienced it I do not what it feels like to have thrombosis.As a result, I do not yet have the knowledge. Knowledge can be gained by other ways of well-read such as reason, sense perception and language. Though I agree with this, I think these all involve the ways of knowing of emotion. When we have a reason to gain knowledge, we gain the knowledge by realizing it and experiencing it. When we gain knowledge by sense perception it is done by experiencing something and realizing what is going on in our surroundings. Finally for language, we are experiencing it since we are talking or listening to the language. Since all these involve the action of experiencing, it all involves emotion.If someone did thi ngs unconsciously, I wonder if they can get knowledge. People who sleepwalk have been seen eating, dressing, driving cars, and many other things. Their brain is not fully closed(a) down. Sleepwalking occurs before they are in the state of rapid midsection movement, or the moment they are dreaming.2 They have their eyes open to recognize their surroundings. Therefore, I think they are using their sense perception when they are sleepwalking. Though they may not remember it when they wake up and get confused but I think their brain remembers it since the brain is not fully shut when people sleepwalk. Therefore knowledge is gained from experiencing things even if they are sleepwalking which is done unconsciously.Reflexes are also done unconsciously. They are done because we have the knowledge of what to do best to have the least damage to ourselves. That is why we pull our hands back when we touch something hot to wither the possibility of burning our hand. We try to reduce it becaus e we have the knowledge of what is going to happen if we do not. If we do not take our hand back, we know we are going to burn our hand and feel the pain. When I wake up, I have the reflex of stopping the alarm clock because I have the knowledge that I have to wake up to go to school. This reflex was done because I had the emotion that I did not want to go to school since I had to wake up at six-spot oclock in the morning.Therefore as a conclusion, I agree to an extent with the quote by an English novelist, Arnold Bennett of There can be no knowledge without emotion. We may be aware of a truth, yet until we have felt its force, it is not ours. Emotion is connected to the other ways of knowing and everything we do in our lives. Experiencing things give knowledge to us which gives us emotion whether we do things consciously or unconsciously.

Core & Peripheries

Economic value will shift to the ends of the networks, as a result of the decoupling of learning in a network. Subsequently, companies have realized that they need to change their focus to the core the back-end intelligence that is last away from the user and the periphery the front-end intelligence that is closest to the user. This separation of value to the ends has thus created an opportunity for organizations to optimise their business functions around the ends. Common InfrastructureAs in the case of the PC at work, there was a jolt between what the users wanted easy-to-use, portable, and flexible at the front-end powerful and reliable at the back-end. In trying to append both requirements some necessary design compromises had to be made previously. However, with the decoupling of intelligence in networks the two ends could be separated and a common infrastructure provided at the back-end, in the form of one server in the IT Department of the office, while the front-end in telligence could be made without compromise as specialized machines.Similarly, disparate elements inside the company can be combined to form shared infrastructures that are more cost-effective in their specialization. Modularity The mobilization of intelligence is another pattern that has resulted in a trend that has shifted economic value in the network. Sawhney and Parikh (2001) have discovered that the importance of plug-and-play has been established by the subsequent modularity of devices, softwares, and processes into self-contained modules that can be assimilated into a new value chain as needed.Sharing of capabilities is more important in this regard, than safeguarding of proprietary assets. Orchestration With change magnitude modularity, it has convey more and more economically valuable for there to be companies and managers that are able to coordinate, organize, and tie in the different modules into new value chains. HP and Cisco are such examples of companies that are s eeking to become the intelligent hubs to coordinate their various stakeholders, and are thus reaping the lions share of the value in their respective networks. Conclusion In the words of Sawhney and Parikh (2010, p.79) By learning to recognize two simple patterns in the evolution of networks, you may be able to turn chaos into opportunity. It is the intelligence of the network, more specifically its muddle and mobility as established by the recent advancements in technology that determines the way that companies organize disparate pieces of information, products, people, and the market, and consequently, how to maximise the inherent value. References Sawhney, M. & Parikh, D. (2001). Where Value Lives in a Networked World. Harvard Business Review, 79, p79-86. Retrieved May 02, 2010, from Harvard Business Review.

Obscenity Law

The vague, essential, and indeterminate nature of Canadian stain truth has been called the most muddled honesteousness in Canada. Recognizing that uniformity and objectivity atomic number 18 important aspects in the running of some(prenominal) successful jural system, the ultimate judicial system of Canada has attempted to systematically crystallize and modernize porno constabulary. The feeling in R. v. pantryman marked the transformation of the practice of law of foulness from a moral- base offence to a upon-establish offence.The apostrophizes argon promptly asked to determine, as best they female genitalia, what the confederation volition tole commit others world exposed to, on the radix of the mark of wrong that whitethorn flow from such(prenominal) exposure. Harm, in this context, means the p carmineisposition to anti complaisant conduct. When probing beyond glib appearances, it is clear that the modernizing moves make by the Canadian judiciary, in introducing the connectedness specimen of impairment assay to chat grime law, are mere rhetorical covers for the continued trade protection of conventional righteousness.The determination of residential area standards is leftfield primarily to the subjective judgment and hunches of il pro assemble justice personnel. In this context, the standard to which coarseness laws are base coffin nail be un indisputable and ill outlined, making it very difficult to ensure consistency in the application of the obscenity law and to ask the public to abide by standards that are non all the way demarcated in the scratch line place. This is a disturbing state of affairs for all sinful offense.This essay go out firstly demarcate the roles in which settle currently play in deciding upon the nature of offense. Secondly, with the mapping of previous rulings on obscenity by the Supreme administration of Canada, the evolution of Canadian obscenity law will be analyzed. Thirdly, the involvement of the corporation standard of security deposit indoors the current obscenity exposition will be flagged as prejudiced against non-mainstream minority molds of energize and cozyity.Fourthly, the butler conclusion will be analyzed inside the comical and homo sexualityual context. Finally, the three inherent flaws of the current pantryman commentary of obscenity will be discussed the vague definition of ill-use, the line of workatic categorization of corrupting and de humanityizing sex and the overemphasis placed on straightaway norms. The current roles in which enunciates play in deciding upon the nature of crime. Frey v. Fedoruk (1950), a decision do by the Supreme coquette of Canada, is iewed as a very successful step in the courts collect for objectivity. This supposed milestone eccentric marked the end of the courts ability to invent new crimes at common law and funda noeticly appointed ultimate power of the woeful Code to the federal gove rnment. Frey was incriminate of peeping into the window of a changing woman. The courts recognized that peeping was clearly morally objectionable, but the address too historied that peeping was not otherwise criminal and not falling within any category of offences defined by the Criminal Law. It went on notwithstanding to say that if any course of conduct is now to be declare criminal, which has not up to the present time been so regarded, such declaration should be made by Parliament and not by the Courts. i This showcase essentially set the precedent that no person could be charged with an offence that was not antecedently stipulated in the Criminal Code. This case illustrates an evident shift in regards to the role judges play in the justice system however, it is capitulumable if this shift is as secure as originally perceived.Something that is often forgotten by those who stress the sovereign aspect of the criminal law is that Parliament does not have direct control ove r the enforcement of their own texts. Judges cannot directly contradict or invent new laws, but they can endlessly reinterpret them. Furthermore, in interpreting the criminal law, judges do not have control over the way in which fellow criminal justice personnel will reinterpret their interpretations.For example, due to the vagaries involved in legal expert Sopinkas ruling in R. v. Butler, criminal justice personnel have been striven dexterityary power that has resulted in the derived function and unlawful targeting of gay and lesbian sexy significant. In arguing for judicial objectivity, one could argue that judges are only allowed to interpret law in accordance the intention of Parliament when the section was enacted or amended.Judges cannot adopt the shift in single-valued function doctrine, which was explicitly rejected in R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. ii However, in order of magnitude to avoid running a foul of the shifting tendency argument, judges can use vague and ind eterminate language that will only require the pauperisation for reinterpretation in the afterlife and further the use of judicial subjectivity. When interpretations are required it opens the doors to the, subconscious or conscious, writ of execution of subjective standards of morality by judges or riminal justice personnel. Essentially different judges will interpret the law in different ways, which stresses the importance for clarification and specification within the Criminal Code. It has also been argued that the decision in Frey v. Fedoruk allows for citizens to know in advance if they are committing a crime. As seen in the Butler case, many laws in the Criminal Code continue to be vague and indeterminate, requiring the need for judicial interpretations.The vagaries of the obscenity law allow judges, police and custom officers, to interpret the law in a way that may encompass stuff or actions that were not specifically stipulated under the law itself. The evolution of Cana dian obscenity law Upon examination of the progression of Canadian obscenity law it is clear that the modernized obscenity law remains riddled with some of the homogeneous problems inherent to its predecessors. The law of obscenity in Canada has its roots in English law. The 1868 decision of the House of Lords in R. v. Hicklin was the leading case and set out a visitation for obscenity.In up restraining an order for the destruction of a publication, Chief Justice Cockburn declared, I work out the analyze of obscenity is this, whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall. 1 This definition had been criticized for its disregard of serious purpose or artistic merit in the impugned solid and for its excessive dependence on subjective speculations made on the part of the trier of fact.This was the mental bear witness used in Canada un til the Criminal Code was amended in 1959 to include a definition of obscenity as the unreasonable exploitation of sex, or of sex and any one or more of crime, horror, cruelty and abandon. Canadian courts then shifted their focus from the proper application of the Hicklin test to the discretion of how the insupportable exploitation of sex is to be recognized. Brodie was the first obscenity appeal to adopt originally the Supreme Court of Canada following the amendment. Judson J. , during his explication of this ection, was conscious of the criticism that had been leveled against the Hicklin test and was ensuantly trying to avoid its downfalls. Judson J. express the view, in light of the amendment, that all the jurisprudence under the Hicklin definition is rendered obsolete and that the new definition gave the Court an opportunity to apply tests which have some certainty of meaning and are capable of objective application, which do not so much depend as before upon the idios yncrasies and sensitivities of the tribunal of fact, whether judge or dialog box2 .Two tests were purposed throughout the trial that were thought capable of objectively recognizing the undue exploitations of sex. The first test concentrate on the internal necessities of the work in question. The second test was the club standard test. He recognizes that community standards may vary from time to time, but held that thither is a general instinctive standard of decency, which prevails in any given community. What is obscene is material that offend that standard. The development of the jurisprudence post-Brodie had elaborated upon this notion of community standard. It has been said to be a general average of community thinking and feeling a subject field standard one where judges are entitled to judge for themselves, without expert raise, when this standard has been exceeded. However, a corporeal development in the test for obscenity occurred in the Supreme Court of Canadas d ecision in Towne Cinema Theatres Ltd. v. The Queen. 3 In this decision, the court stated that the community standard of tolerance is only one way in which the exploitation of sex can be determined undue. The Court recognized the imperfections of monastic order and the subsequent misfortune that the community could gestate publications that make wrong to members of society. The court went on to say that even if, at certain times, there is a coincidence between what is not tolerated and what is ill-useful to society, there is no unavoidable connection between these two concepts. 4 Thus, the legal definition of undue was made to encompass publications that were accidental injuryful to members of society and consequently society as a whole.Material was deemed harmful if it portrayed persons in a degrade or dehumanizing way. Obscenity also continued to be assessed against community standards. This test was concerned, not with what Canadians would tolerate being exposed to t hemselves, but what they would tolerate other Canadians being exposed to. It was a test concerned itself with tolerance and not taste. R. v. Butler- the current definition of obscenity. The Supreme Court of Canada made its definitive decision in R. v. Butler. The case of R. v. Butler concerned the constitutionality of the obscenity provisions (now s. 63) of the Criminal Code of Canada. The provisions were under consideration on the grounds that they infringed upon a guaranteed right to freedom of expression under s. 2(b) of the Canadian read of Rights and Freedoms. The case is monolithic in determining whether, and to what extent, Parliament can justifiably criminalize obscenity.On appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, the following constitutional questions were raised 1. Does s. 163 of the Criminal Code violate s. 2(b) of the Charter? 2. If s. 163 of the Criminal Code violates s. 2(b) of the Charter . Can s. 163 of the Criminal be demonstrably justified under s. 1 of the Charter as a reasonable ricochet prescribed by law? Before answering the main constitutional questions, Justice Sopinka, writing for the bulk, firstly attempted to clarify and interpret what the impugned edict was intended to signify. In deciding what constitutes the undue exploitation of sex, the court examined the three workable tests used in past cases of obscenity the community standard test the degrading or dehumanizing test and the internal necessities test. The review of this jurisprudence showed that the relationship between severally of the three tests failed to be clear or specific. Sopinka divided pornography into three categories 1) explicit sex with violence 2) explicit sex without violence but which subjects people to word that is degrading or dehumanizing 3) explicit sex that is without violence and is neither degrading or dehumanizing. Sopinka used these three categories as the guidelines in determining what constitutes the undue exploitation of sex. Sopinka essentiall y merged the community standard of tolerance test together with the harm principle.The courts now need to figure out what the community would tolerate others being exposed to on the basis of the spot of harm that may flow from such exposure. Harm, in this context, signifies material that would predispose viewers to anti fond conduct. The first category of pornography was found to always constitute the undue exploitation of sex, the second category of pornography was found to sometimes constitute the undue exploitation of sex and the third category generally did not qualify to be the undue exploitation of sex. 5 Problems with the Community Standard of Tolerance testIt has been suggested that the modern obscenity test, the merger of the community standard of tolerance test and the harm principle, is liberal relative to its predecessor (the Hicklin test). On the sur present it faces to draw on the more liberal attitudes of contemporary society about sexual representation and has the flexibility to evolve with the changing norms of communities through time. However, it cannot be forgotten that the community standard test of harm is delineated on the standards held by the majority, enforcing only the majoritys view of what is harmful and obscene.The imposition of majority views on other members of society is seen as the most serious threat to liberty in a democratic state, and seems to contradict the multicultural dogma that is representative of Canadian society. Subsuming a majority analysis into the definition of obscenity, unavoidably creates prejudice against non-mainstream minority representations of sex and sexuality. Usually, the tolerance level of a community is difficult to measure, requiring the courts to essentially guess as to how much harm a community as a whole would tolerate. It was held that evidence of community standards is desirable, but not essential.The lack of proof for a community standard furthers the vulnerability of minority groups. Fund amentally, judges can provide the court with a fictional interpretation of a communitys standard of tolerance. No matter how honest such an interpretation could be, it runs the risk of exposure of being false without the judge having to formally justify his/her findings. The community standard of tolerance of any given community, Professor Ric lumbering Moon says in regards to the Butler ruling, is judicial subjectivity (value judgment) simply dressed up in the objective garb of ommunity standards. 6 Furthermore, community standards only make sense in relations to a prevailing, and generally accepted understanding of sexual morality, in which some sex is good and some is not. Not withstanding the courts best efforts to string the objective of the law as the prevention of harm, particularly of harm towards women, the underlying sexual morality and the scoop focus on straight relationships shapes the way in which the s. 163 is applied throughout the criminal justice system. It is within the context of gay and lesbian materials that the distinction between morality and harm is most difficult to adjudge, and that we can most clearly see the extent to which obscenity laws are still predicated on the legal regulation of sexual morality. Butler decision in the gay and lesbian context The picayuner Sisters look Throughout his judgment, Sopinka J. provides an implicit message for the need to protect females against male violence. A common thread weave throughout out many heterosexual relations is the idea of an aggressive and powerful male and a passive and subordinate female. therefrom, Sopinka J. s understanding of harm is set in a heterosexual framework. mirthful and lesbian sexual representations are not produced within the heterosexual framework of the more mainstream pornography to which the Butler decision addressed itself. Realistically speaking, how would men watching pictures of men having sex with men, contribute to the type of harm to women identifi ed in Butler? However, these gay and lesbian sexual representations of sexuality have been targeted, charged and found guilty pursuant to the modernized Butler test for obscenity.The gay and lesbian community have argued, that gay or lesbian sexual representations have absolutely nothing to do with the harm towards women associated with heterosexual pornography. (quote red book . pg 128 ) Interestingly, Carl Stychin, has contended, that the sexually explicit images of gay male pornography do not reinforce immemorial male sexuality, but rather directly challenge dominant constructs of masculinity by displacing the heterosexual norm. (quote) It would seem warranted to suggest that since gay and lesbian sexual epresentations do not operate within a heterosexual framework, that these images cannot and should not be measured against a heterosexual norm. The constitutionality of provisions located under the Canadian customs duty Act, who operate in accordance to Butlers definition of o bscenity, was questioned, in the context of gay and lesbian culture, in the Supreme Court of Canadas decision in Little Sisters Book and Art emporium v. Canada. This case was the culmination of several instances where customs officials had unlawfully targeted gay and lesbian sexually explicit materials.Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium carried a specialized inventory catering to the gay and lesbian community. The cut in imported 80 to 90 percent of its erotica from the United States. Consequently, the vast majority of their erotica was supersensitized to Customs censorship powers. Code 9956(a) of Schedule VII of the Customs Tariff prohibits the importation of books, printed paper, drawings, paintings, prints, photographs or representations of any kind that . . . re deemed to be obscene under subsection 163(8) of the Criminal Code. (quote little sister) The Supreme Court of Canada did acknowledge the fact that Customs officials had subjected the appellant to differential treatme nt when compared to importers of heterosexually explicit material. The treatment was dismissive of the appellants charter rights under s. 15 (1) of the Charter as they were not given the equal benefit of a fair and open customs procedure. However, the source of the s. 5(1) Charter violation was not identified as the customs legislation itself, since there is nothing on the face of the Customs legislation or in its unavoidable effects, which contemplates or encourages differential treatment based on sexual orientation. The unlawful differential treatment had been made at the administrative level in the implementation of the legislation. The court held that Parliament is entitled to proceed on the basis that its enactments will be applied constitutionally by the public service. As stated by the Court, The fact that a regulatory power lies un consummationd provides no basis in attacking the validity of the mandate that conferred it. The Court held that the Customs legislation infrin ges s. 2(b) of the Charter, with exception of the reverse onus provision in s. 152(3) of the Customs Act. However, the legislation constituted a reasonable limit prescribed by law, justified under s. 1 of the Charter. The court trusted Customs to identify and implement the needed changes, and the burden of monitoring compliance was left to future litigations. quote Osgood hall law journal) Thus, the majority absolved Parliament of any constitutional obligation to break this obviously flawed legislative regime of resile censorship. By upholding the legislation, and simultaneously affirming the differential treatment unfairly imposed on Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium by Customs, the Court has projected itself as the defender of sexual pluralism and has not done enough to reduce the likely risk that over-censorship will reoccur. unsung conception of HarmIt has been shown, most specifically in the case of Frey v. Fedoruck, that the Supreme Court of Canada has been trying to lim it the power of appointed judges and consequently reserve the power over the Criminal Code for Parliament. In the Little Sisters case the Court admittedly held that A large measure of discretion is granted in the administration of the Act, from the level of the Customs official up to the Minister, but it is well established that such discretion must be exercised in accordance with the Charter.Ideally, all criminal justice personnel should exercise discretionary power in accordance to the Charter, but whether done mistakenly or purposely this is not always the case, which has historically given reason to the clarification or amendments of the law. Since criminal justice personnel are only human, and prone to error, the use of safeguards within the criminal code, in the form of clear and definite laws, is prerequisite to protect against judicial subjectivity. The majority opinion in the Butler case, includes validation of Littler Sisters struggles and denunciates Customs discriminat ory and excessive censorship practices.Although the ruling did include positive sentiments, it ignored the possibility that the law had something to do with Customs failures. The Court disproportionately blames the acts of individual custom officers, or those process at the administrative level in the implementation of the legislation, for the over-censorship of gay and lesbian material. However, the faulty administration of the discretionary powers conferred on officials by the Act can be a symptom of the underlying root problem the vague community standard of harm test for obscenity.The Court defended their inaction on the fact that the face of the Customs legislation or in its necessary effects, does not contemplates or encourages differential treatment based on sexual orientation. Regardless of how promising a law looks on paper if it lacks consistency and objectivity in its application and demonstrates significant procedural deficiencies it should be brought into question. On a supposed quest for objectivity, Sopinka held that there should be a shift in focus from morality to harm when examination for obscenity.Harm, in this case, was defined as the risk of anti social way, (ie the mistreatment of women). Anti-social conduct for this purpose is conduct which society formally recognizes as incompatible with its proper functioning. iii Although the Supreme Court has provided us a fair amount of guidance on how the issue of obscenity is to be dealt with, it has provided a rather uncertain concept of harm that continues to give appointed judges, and in this case Customs officers, a fair amount of discretionary power and opens the doors to subjective standards of morality.The ambiguous conception of harm has already posed problems in regards to enforcement. For example, obscenity laws have adversely change those importing gay or lesbian erotica in comparison to other individuals importing like publications of heterosexual nature. iv Being a piece of legi slation that admittedly violates our right to freedom of expression, one would think that s. 163 would be held to a higher standard of clarity.Since the definition of harm is relatively vague it can unfairly persecute the gay community, holding gay pornography to a lower standard of tolerance than heterosexual pornography. During Sopinkas Charter analysis, he goes on to say that there is no need for proof of harm or evidence of a causative link between the obscene material and the feared social harm. This is because social harm is so difficult to prove or measure. On the one hand such a finding could be welcomed since the court has developed a test that is sympathetic to the inequality and oppression of women.However, on the other hand this loose standard of evidentiary burden, which the government must satisfy in order to justify its infringement of freedom of expression, together with a rather ambiguous definition of harm, raises the critical question as to what types of materials will be targeted. It is very important for the criminal code to be subject to a standard of heightened clarity and transparency (more so than the Charter), so that citizens can know in advance if they are committing a crime. Studies on the causal link between pornography and attitudinal harm In the case of R. v.Butler, when deciding the second constitutional question (s. 1 analysis), Sopinka held that the prevention of harm likely to arise from the distribution of certain obscene materials constitute a sufficiently pressing and substantial objective to warrant some limitations on s. 2(b) of the Charter. Sopinka made clear that while parliament cannot impose subjective standards of sexual morality it can impose the morality of the majority when it coincides with the morality of the charter. This can be done to maintain values integral to a democratic society. In terms of proportionally, there are three aspects.Firstly, it was asked whether there was a rational connection between the impugned measures and the objective. The courts held that it is reasonable to assume a causal relationship between the exposure to obscene material and the risk of negative attitudinal changes (i. e. harm) in the absence seizure of concrete proof. Secondly, Sopinka found that there was minimal impairment of the right to freedom of expression as the legislation aims only to restrict material that poses a risk of harm to society. Furthermore, material that has artistic merit will not be criminalized.Finally, the court found that there was a proper balance made between the effects of the limited measures and the legislative objective. It was found that the limits placed on the right to freedom of expression was not outweighed by the important legislative objective that was aimed at avoiding harm. Thus, the Court held that the prohibition against pornography contravenes the freedom of expression guarantee in section 2(b) of the Charter, but went on to hold that the section could be dem onstrably justified under section 1 of the Charter as a reasonable limit prescribed by law.The section 1 issues raised in the Littler Sisters case related to the substance of the obscenity prohibition and the procedures by which it is enforced. The former had been fully articulated and defended by the Court in the Butler ruling, so it was not surprising that the challenge to the content of the obscenity standard itself failed. The degree to which Sopinka J defended the constitutionality of s. 163 and thus the s. 1 analysis raised by the regime f Customs censorship on the avoidance of attitudinal harm is disproportionate in comparison to the likelihood that such harm genuinely exists.It is very difficult to find any proof that pornography can be the cause of attitudinal harm amongst its viewers. There have been two attempts and potential sources of such proof statistical evidence and experimental evidence. statistical evidence attempts to show a correlation between the prevalence of pornography and the incidence of violent crime. statistical evidence has been unable to establish a causal link between pornography and violence. Some look into has purported to show that many rapists report having had little exposure to pornographic material.Furthermore as technology has bring about increasingly sophisticated in recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the handiness of pornography over the internet. Despite growing concerns, it has been proven extremely difficult to censor or determine the distribution of obscene pornographic material. Despite the probable increase in access to obscene material, the rate of sexual assault has not increased significantly more than those of other forms of crime. Experimental studies have come the closest in claiming a causal link between violence and pornography.Some work has shown that, under laboratory conditions, there may be a measurable relationship between aggressive behavior and exposure to aggressive pornogra phy. However, such experiments are inherently artificial, as the circumstances are essentially fabricated. Therefore the findings in these experiments cannot be directly transferable from the laboratory into the real world, where inhibitions and public scrutiny affect social behavior. Furthermore, not all studies focus on the negative effects of pornography on viewers social behavior.Some support the possible action that pornography can serve as a sanctuary mechanism, allowing its viewers to satisfy aggressive impulses in a non violent way. This theory, along with the theory that pornography induces aggression, has been discount and remains improvable. Although discredited, such a theory remains equally as plausible as the theory endorsed throughout the Butler case that pornography induces attitudinal harm. It is unclear as to why obscenity should be defined almost exclusively around the prevention of something that could be complete fiction.In the absence of conclusive scientifi c evidence, it could be argued that s. 163 represents and arbitrary infringement upon our freedom of expression. It is difficult to see how the court deemed the objective of the law to be pressing and substantial in the absence of demonstrable proof and in the presence of empty assumptions. In the absence of proof of harm, whether material is obscene becomes a matter of faith and not evidence. Such an ambiguous definition of harm can be understood as a disingenuous effort by the court to decide what the impugned legislation was intended to mean.It could be argued that Justice Sopinka was instead formulating his judgment in regards to what he thinks the legislation should mean now. The appellant argued that to accept the objective of the provision as being related to the harm associated with obscenity would be to adopt the shift in purpose doctrine which was explicitly rejected in R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd. vSopinka argues that the original purpose remains as it was in 1959 protecti on of harm caused by obscene material. However, when the legislation was first enacted, it was concerned primarily with the corruption of morals and not precisely the victimization of women. Such a vague definition of harm allows the courts to justify the infringement of a Charter right on the basis of a different argument of the time and not on the basis of why the law was created in the first place. Overemphasis placed on the protection of women The obscenity test in Butler, who adversely effected the Customs Act, seems to further reinforce womens marginalized role as crime victims as well as mens repugnant roles as crime perpetrators.Although this ruling is meant to essentially promote equality amongst men and women, it seems as though it has completely ignored the hardships existent in same sex relationships. Throughout this judgment Sopinka provides an implicit message for the need to protect females against male violence. After such an emphasis has been placed on the protecti on of women, and in the absence of conventional or homophobic morality displayed by custom officers, it is questionable as to whether s. 163 would allow pornographic material portraying explicit sex and violence against men to escape criminality.Although it is very important for the law to apply equally to all citizens, as stated in s. 15(2) of the Charter it is not unconstitutional to take affirmative action to help previously disadvantaged groups such a women. In reality women run the risk, more so then men, to be victimized because of pornography. Victims of sexually based offences are disproportionately female in comparison to male. However, the types of harm that can be aggravated by obscenity, discussed throughout the Butler case, can exist in all types of human relationships regardless of sexual orientation or the individuals involved.Gays and lesbian relationships are susceptible to the same physical, sexual and mental abuse in much the same ways that heterosexual relationsh ips do. This in essence shows that the judgment was based primarily on heterosexual norms, running the risk of ignoring other possible victims of obscenity. It is this lack of recognition of homosexuals within the leading interpretation of the obscenity law that can either cause the over-censorship or under-censorship of homosexual material, two being equally problematic to the homosexual community. Problematic categorizationIn an effort to further clarify the obscenity provisions in the Criminal Code Sopinka devised a three-tier categorization of pornographic material. Sopinka concluded that material that fell within the second category of explicit sex without violence but which subjects people to treatment that is degrading or dehumanizing could be considered undue. The categorization of degrading and dehumanizing is elusive and vulnerable to subjective or even discriminatory evaluations. The flexibility provided in the second category can be translated into inconsistencies withi n the legal process.Providing a category that could be viewed as obscene seems to dilute what was meant to be an objective guideline to be followed when testing for obscenity. The selling of material that falls within the second category is essentially equivalent to gambling since there is no certainty as to whether the selling of such material would or would not constitute a criminal offence. One could argue that the sellers of the questionable material could themselves determine the standard of tolerance of a community in determining whether the material that they are selling is obscene.However, one persons interpretation of what the community would tolerate might be radically different from that of the courts. The potential subjectivity is suppose to be reined in by reference to community standards of tolerance. (ossgood) Since judges determine this standard on their own, in the absence of proof of such a standard, it is hard to see how they will act as a veritable constrain o f judicial subjectivity. What the current obscenity definition has trouble demarcating in obscenity as a narrow category of sexually explicit material.To remedy this situation it would have been beneficial to introduce additional categories of pornography that were more specific and detailed than the ones currently offered. Additional categories would force the court to specify what material in the second category would and would not pose a substantial risk of harm. This would have further objectified the test for obscenity because the discretion of individual trial judges would be reduced when it came to dealing with pornographic material falling within the second category.Judges and other criminal justice personnel would be required to sort material in the devised categories instead of deciding independently what they feel the community would tolerate on the basis of harm. This would also seem to provide the general population with a better understanding of lawful vs. unlawful po rnographic material. Implicit to Sopinkas categorization of pornographic material is the idea that there is a distinct difference between soft porn and hard porn when it omes to what will cause social harm. Sopinka holds throughout his judgment that the objective of s. 163 is to provide protection against what could cause the abject and servile victimization of women. He is assuming that the dissemination of soft porn will not pose the same risk of social harm to women as the categories of explicit sex with violence or explicit sex that is degrading or dehumanizing. However, any pornographic representation of women can be considered to be a systematic objectification.As Justice Gonthier wrote for the dissent of the Butler case, even if the content is not as such objectionable. the dash in which the material is presented may turn it from innocuous to socially harmful. vi Both soft porn and hard porn (all three categories) could thus contribute to womens subordination and inequality in society. It is clear that Sopinkas test for obscenity does not necessarily lock up with its purpose of protecting women from antisocial behavior and inequalities and could serve as evidence of an appeal to conventional standards of sexual morality.Modest and restrained depictions of sexual legal action were permitted in accordance to an implicit hierarchy of conventional moral values and not on the basis of harm. (does that make sense? ) The internal necessities test can also be questioned in terms of Sopinkas harm based obscenity test. Pornographic representation found in art and literature can be just as harmful as what is found in, what is now understood to be, pornography. Therefore, it seems as though material that could be dehumanizing and degrading and thus cause significant social harm could pass the test for obscenity devised by the court.By not leaving behind the view that representations of sex are perverting if not redeemed by art or some other higher social purpos e, the definition of obscenity remains vague and open ended. The Customs administration of the obscenity prohibition at the border and the general over-censorship of homosexual pornographic material, confirm that the Butler definition of obscenity is open to multiple interpretations and makes agency for the affirmations of old prejudices. In the Littler Sisters ruling, the Court denied that these problems existed, and instead relied upon an idealized portrait of the community standard test that will llegedly force criminal justice personnel towards judicial objectivity. It has been proven that the community standard test is based primarily on the views of the majority and does not necessarily constitute a guarantee of tolerance for minority expression. In actuality society, while becoming more liberal, is still deeply entrenched with prejudices against minorities oddly throughout the criminal justice system, stressing the need for clear and definitive language used within the Crim inal Code and court process.